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Problemas endocrinológicos y de la nutrición

Anorexia (como síntoma)

  • Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios. Domperidona*: supresión de la indicación en pediatría y recordatorio de las contraindicaciones en adultos y adolescentes. AEMPS; 24 de febrero de 2020. Disponible en: https://www.aemps.gob.es/informa/notasinformativas/medicamentosusohumano-3/seguridad-1/2020-seguridad-1/domperidona-supresion-de-la-indicacion-en-pediatria-y-recordatorio-de-las-contraindicaciones-en-adultos-y-adolescentes/.
  • American Geriatrics Society 2019 Updated AGS Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults By the 2019 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel.
  • Hammond S, Erridge S, Mangal N, Pacchetti B, Sodergren MH. The Effect of Cannabis-Based Medicine in the Treatment of Cachexia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2021 Dec;6(6):474-487. doi: 10.1089/can.2021.0048. Epub 2021 Oct 18. PMID: 34664988; PMCID: PMC8713261.
  • Hunter CN, Abdel-Aal HH, Elsherief WA, Farag DE, Riad NM, Alsirafy SA. Mirtazapine in Cancer-Associated Anorexia and Cachexia: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2021 Dec;62(6):1207-1215. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.05.017. Epub 2021 May 26. PMID: 34051293.
  • Landi F, Picca A, Calvani R, Marzetti E. Anorexia of Aging: Assessment and Management. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017 Aug;33(3):315-323. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2017.02.004. Epub 2017 May 20. PMID: 28689565.
  • Lim YL, Teoh SE, Yaow CYL, Lin DJ, Masuda Y, Han MX, Yeo WS, Ng QX. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Clinical Use of Megestrol Acetate for Cancer-Related Anorexia/Cachexia. J Clin Med. 2022 Jun 28;11(13):3756. doi: 10.3390/jcm11133756. PMID: 35807039; PMCID: PMC9267332.
  • Poon IO, Ajewole V, Braun UK. A Review of Olanzapine in the Treatment of Cancer Anorexia-Cachexia Syndrome. Pharmacy (Basel). 2024 Feb 17;12(1):34. doi: 10.3390/pharmacy12010034. PMID: 38392941; PMCID: PMC10893239.
  • Ruiz Garcia V, López‐Briz E, Carbonell Sanchis R, Gonzalvez Perales JL, Bort‐Marti S. Megestrol acetate for treatment of anorexia‐cachexia syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD004310. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004310.pub3.
  • Saeteaw M, Sanguanboonyaphong P, Yoodee J, Craft K, Sawangjit R, Ngamphaiboon N, Shantavasinkul PC, Subongkot S, Chaiyakunapruk N. Efficacy and safety of pharmacological cachexia interventions: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2021 Mar;11(1):75-85. doi: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2020-002601. Epub 2020 Nov 27. PMID: 33246937.
  • Simon L, Baldwin C, Kalea AZ, Slee A. Cannabinoid interventions for improving cachexia outcomes in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2022 Feb;13(1):23-41. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12861. Epub 2021 Dec 8. PMID: 34881518; PMCID: PMC8818598.
  • Talebi S, Zeraattalab-Motlagh S, Barkhordar M, Vaezi M, Ghoreishy SM, Ghavami A, Hosseini Y, Travica N, Mohammadi H. Dose-dependent effect of megestrol acetate supplementation in cancer patients with anorexia-cachexia syndrome: A meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2024 Aug;15(4):1254-1263. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.13500. Epub 2024 Jun 20. PMID: 39031821; PMCID: PMC11294013.
  • Vayne‐Bossert P, Haywood A, Good P, Khan S, Rickett K, Hardy JR. Corticosteroids for adult patients with advanced cancer who have nausea and vomiting (not related to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or surgery). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD012002. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012002.pub2.

Deshidratación

  • Acosta Benito MA, García Pliego RA, Baena Díez JM et al. Actividades preventivas en el mayor. Actualización PAPPS 2022. Aten Primaria. 2022;54:102438.
  • Duggan C, Fontaine O, Pierce NF, Glass RI, Mahalanabis D, Alam NH, et al. Scientific rationale for a change in the composition of oral rehydration solution. JAMA 2004;291(21):2628-31.
  • Gregorio GV, Gonzales MLM, Dans LF, Martinez EG. Polymer‐based oral rehydration solution for treating acute watery diarrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD006519. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006519.pub3.
  • Hartling L, Bellemare S, Wiebe N, Russell K, Klassen TP, Craig W. Rehidratación oral versus intravenosa para el tratamiento de la deshidratación debida a la gastroenteritis en niños (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2007, número 4. Oxford, Update Software Ltd. Disponible en: http://www.update-software.com.
  • Murphy C, Hahn S, Volmink J. Solución de rehidratación oral de osmolaridad reducida para el tratamiento del cólera (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2007, número 4. Oxford: Update Software Ltd. Disponible en: http://www.update-software.com.
  • Oral rehydration salts. Production of the new ORS. WHO-UNICEF, 2006.
  • Volkert D, Beck AM, Cederholm T, Cruz-Jentoft A, Hooper L, Kiesswetter E, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics. Clin Nutr. 2022; 41:958-89.

Desnutrición

  • Acosta Benito MA, García Pliego RA, Baena Díez JM, et al. Actividades preventivas en el mayor. Actualización PAPPS 2022. Aten Primaria. 2022;54:102438.
  • Baldwin C, Weekes CE. Dietary advice with or without oral nutritional supplements for disease‐related malnutrition in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD002008. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002008.pub4. Disponible en: https://www.cochrane.org/es/CD002008/asesoramiento-dietetico-para-la-desnutricion-secundaria-una-enfermedad-en-adultos.
  • Cederholm T, Jensen GL, Correia MITD, Gonzalez MC, Fukushima R, Higashiguchi T et al. GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition - A consensus report from the global clinical nutrition community. Clin Nutr. 2018 Sep 3. pii: S0261-5614(18)31344-X. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.08.002.
  • Cereda E, Pedrolli C, Klersy C, et al. Nutritional status in older persons according to healthcare setting: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence data using MNA®. Clin Nutr 2016; 35:1282.
  • Jensen GL, Cederholm T, Correia MITD, et al. GLIM Criteria for the Diagnosis of Malnutrition: A Consensus Report From the Global Clinical Nutrition Community. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2019; 43:32.
  • Milne AC, Potter J, Vivanti A, Avenell A. Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD003288. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003288.pub3. Disponible en: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003288.pub3/full.
  • SEEN Guías y documentos de consenso de nutrición. Disponible en: http://www.seen.es/herramientasClinicas/guias/nutri/guiaNutri.aspxk.
  • Veronese N, Stubbs B, Punzi L, et al. Effect of nutritional supplementations on physical performance and muscle strength parameters in older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 51:48.
  • Volkert D, Beck AM, Cederholm T, Cruz-Jentoft A, Goisser S, Hooper L et al. Guía ESPEN sobre nutrición clínica e hidratación en geriatría. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261561418302103#!.

Diabetes mellitus. Enfermedad renal crónica

  • ACCORD Study Group; Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, Goff DC Jr, Grimm RH Jr, Cutler JA, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010 Apr 29;362(17):1575-85. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1001286. Epub 2010 Mar 14. PMID: 20228401; PMCID: PMC4123215.
  • Agarwal R, Filippatos G, Pitt B, Anker SD, Rossing P, Joseph A, et al; FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD investigators. Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes with finerenone in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: the FIDELITY pooled analysis. Eur Heart J. 2022 Feb 10;43(6):474-484. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab777. Erratum in: Eur Heart J. 2022 May 21;43(20):1989. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab886. PMID: 35023547; PMCID: PMC8830527.
  • Agarwal A, Zeng X, Li S, Rayner D, Foroutan F, Aertgeerts B, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors for adults with chronic kidney disease: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2024 Oct 1;387:e080257. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2024-080257. PMID: 39353639. 
  • Álvarez-Guisasola F, Orozco-Beltrán D, Cebrián-Cuenca AM, Ruiz Quintero MA, Angullo Martínez E, Ávila Lachica L, et al. Manejo de la hiperglucemia con fármacos no insulínicos en pacientes adultos con diabetes tipo 2.Aten Primaria. 2019;51:442-51. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2019.05.014.
  • American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee; 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care 1 January 2024; 47 (Supplement_1): S219–S230. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-S011.
  • American Geriatrics Society 2019 Updated AGS Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults By the 2019 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel.
  • American Diabetes Association. Nephropathy in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27(Suppl 1):79-83.
  • Bakris, G, Agarwal R, Anker S, Pitt B, Ruilope L, Rossing P. Effect of Finerenone on Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. Engl J Med 2020; 383:2219-2229. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2025845
  • Dave CV, Kim SC, Goldfine AB, et al. Risk of Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes After Addition of SGLT2 Inhibitors Versus Sulfonylureas to Baseline GLP-1RA Therapy. Circulation. 2021;143:770.
  • Draznin B, Aroda VR, Bakris G, Benson G, Brown FM, Freeman R, et al. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care.2022;45 Suppl 1:S125---43. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S009.
  • Emdin CA, Rahimi K, Neal B, Callender T, Perkovic V, Patel A. Blood pressure lowering in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2015 Feb 10;313(6):603-15. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.18574. PMID: 25668264.
  • Gaede P, Vedel P, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Intensified multifactorial intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: the Steno type 2 randomised study. Lancet. 1999 Feb 20;353(9153):617-22. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07368-1. PMID: 10030326.
  • Giugliano D, Maiorino MI, Bellastella G, Longo M, Chiodini P, Esposito K. GLP-1 receptor agonists for prevention of cardiorenal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an updated metaanalysis including the REWIND and PIONEER 6 trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. [Internet] 2019;21:2576-80. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31373167/.
  • Heerspink HJL, Stefánsson BV, Correa-Rotter R, Chertow GM, Greene T, Hou FF, et al.; DAPA-CKD Trial Committees and Investigators. Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 8;383(15):1436-1446. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2024816. Epub 2020 Sep 24. PMID: 32970396.
  • Jardine MJ, Mahaffey KW, Neal B, et al.; CREDENCE study investigators. The Canagliflozin and Renal Endpoints in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation (CREDENCE) study rationale, design, and baseline characteristics. Am J Nephrol 2017;46:462-472.
  • Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int. 2024 Apr;105(4S):S117-S314. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.10.018. PMID: 38490803.
  • Lv J, Perkovic V, Foote CV, Craig ME, Craig JC, Strippoli GFM. Antihypertensive agents for preventing diabetic kidney disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD004136. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004136.pub3.
  • Mahaffey KW, Neal B, Perkovic V, et al.; CANVAS Program Collaborative Group Canagliflozin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events: results from the CANVAS Program (Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study). Circulation 2018;137:323–334.
  • Mann JFE, Ørsted DD, Brown-Frandsen K, et al.; LEADER Steering Committee and Investigators. Liraglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017;377:839-848.
  • Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al.; SUSTAIN-6 Investigators. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016;375:1834-1844.
  • Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al.; LEADER Steering Committee; LEADER Trial Investigators. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:311–322.
  • Martínez Azor A, González Romero C, Tejada Cifuentes F. Finerenona en el segundo escalón del tratamiento de la enfermedad renal crónica en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. SESCAM. Hoja de Evaluación de Medicamentos de Castilla-La Mancha. [Internet]. 2024;15(2). Disponible en: https://sanidad.castillalamancha.es/sites/sescam.castillalamancha.es/files/documentos/farmacia/hem_2024_2_finerenona_0.pdf.
  • Mata M, Artola S, Díez J, Ezkurra P, Franch J, García FJ. Actualización de 2020 del algoritmo de tratamiento de la hiperglucemia en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de la redGDPS. Diabetes Práctica. [Internet]. 2020; 11(92): 41-76. Disponible en: https://www.redgdps.org/gestor/upload/2020/1591695258.03_matas_dp-11-2.pdf.
  • McGuire DK, Shih WJ, Cosentino F, Charbonnel B, Cherney DZI, Dagogo-Jack S, et al. Association of SGLT2 Inhibitors With Cardiovascular and Kidney Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2021 Feb 1;6(2):148-158. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.4511. PMID: 33031522; PMCID: PMC7542529.
  • Mera F, Mundet X. ¿Cuál es el tratamiento de personas con DM 2 y microalbuminuria? Preguntas Clínicas redGDPS. 2021.
  • NICE. Type 2 Diabetes in Adults: Management. [Internet]. NICE guideline [NG28]. Diciembre 2015 [última actualización: 29 de junio de 2022]. Disponible en: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28/chapter/Recommendations#managing-complications.
  • Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al.; CANVAS Program Collaborative Group. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017;377:644–657.
  • Neuen BL, Ohkuma T, Neal B, et al. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with canagliflozin according to baseline kidney function: data from the CANVAS. Program. Circulation 2018;138: 1537–1550.
  • Nuffield Department of Population Health Renal Studies Group, SGLT2 inhibitor Meta-Analysis Cardio-Renal Trialists' Consortium. Impact of diabetes on the effects of sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors on kidney outcomes: collaborative meta-analysis of large placebo-controlled trials. Lancet 2022; 400:1788.
  • Palmer SC, Tendal B, Mustafa RA, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter protein-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2021; 372:m4573.
  • Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, et al. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2019 April 14. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1811744.
  • Perkovic V, Tuttle KR, Rossing P, et al. Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2024; 391:109.
  • RedGDPS. Algoritmo de tratamiento de la redGDPS. [Internet]. redGDPS; 2023. Disponible en: https://www.redgdps.org/algoritmos.
  • RedGDPS. Algoritmo de tratamiento de la enfermedad renal crónica en personas con DM2 - 2024.  [Internet]. redGDPS; 2024. Disponible en: https://www.redgdps.org/algoritmo-de-tratamiento-de-la-enfermedad-renal-cronica-en-personas-con-dm2-2024.
  • Ronco P (ed.). KDIGO 2020 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney International. [Internet]. 2020:98(45):S1-S115. Disponible en: https://kdigo.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/KDIGO-2020-Diabetes-in-CKD-GL.pdf.
  • Rossing P, Baeres FMM, Bakris G, Bosch-Traberg H, Gislum M, Gough SCL, et al. The rationale, design and baseline data of FLOW, a kidney outcomes trial with once-weekly semaglutide in people with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2023 Aug 31;38(9):2041-2051. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfad009. 
  • Ruospo M, Saglimbene VM, Palmer SC, De Cosmo S, Pacilli A, Lamacchia O, Cignarelli M, Fioretto P, Vecchio M, Craig JC, Strippoli GFM. Glucose targets for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD010137. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010137.pub2.
  • Salah HM, Al'Aref SJ, Khan MS, et al. Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on cardiovascular and kidney outcomes-Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Am Heart J 2021; 232:10.
  • Seidu S, Cos X, Brunton S, Harris SB, Jansson SPO, Mata-Cases M, et al. A disease state approach to the pharmacologicalmanagement of type 2 diabetes in primary care: A position statement by Primary Care Diabetes Europe. Prim Care Diabetes. 2021;15:31-51. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2020.05.004.
  • The EMPA-KIDNEY Collaborative Group; Herrington WG, Staplin N, Wanner C, Green JB, Hauske SJ, Emberson JR, Preiss D, Judge P, Mayne KJ, Ng SYA, Sammons E, Zhu D, Hill M, Stevens W, Wallendszus K, Brenner S, Cheung AK, Liu ZH, Li J, Hooi LS, Liu W, Kadowaki T, Nangaku M, Levin A, Cherney D, Maggioni AP, Pontremoli R, Deo R, Goto S, Rossello X, Tuttle KR, Steubl D, Petrini M, Massey D, Eilbracht J, Brueckmann M, Landray MJ, Baigent C, Haynes R. Empagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. N Engl J Med. 2023 Jan 12;388(2):117-127. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2204233. Epub 2022 Nov 4. PMID: 36331190; PMCID: PMC7614055.
  • Tuttle KR, Lakshmanan MC, Rayner B, et al. Dulaglutide versus insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (AWARD-7): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6:605–617.
  • Wexler DJ, de Boer IH, Ghosh A, et al. Comparative Effects of Glucose-Lowering Medications on Kidney Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: The GRADE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med 2023; 183:705.
  • Wong MG, Perkovic V, Chalmers J, et al.; ADVANCE-ON Collaborative Group. Long-term benefits of intensive glucose control for preventing end-stage kidney disease: ADVANCE-ON. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:694–700.
  • Wu HY, Peng CL, Chen PC, Chiang CK, Chang CJ, Huang JW, Peng YS, Tu YK, Chu TS, Hung KY, Chien KL. Comparative effectiveness of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors versus angiotensin II receptor blockers for major renal outcomes in patients with diabetes: A 15-year cohort study. PLoS One. 2017 May 15;12(5):e0177654. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177654. PMID: 28505194; PMCID: PMC5432180.
  • Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, Im K, Goodrich EL, Furtado RHM, et al. Comparison of the effects of glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for prevention of major adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2019;139: 2022-31. Disponible en: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038868?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed.
  • Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, Mattheus M, Devins T, Johansen OE, Woerle HJ, Broedl UC, Inzucchi SE; EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigators. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015 Nov 26;373(22):2117-28. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1504720. Epub 2015 Sep 17. PMID: 26378978.
  • Zoungas S, Arima H, Gerstein HC, et al.; Collaborators on Trials of Lowering Glucose (CONTROL) group. Effects of intensive glucose control on microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised controlled trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5:431–437.

Diabetes mellitus. Hipoglucemia

  • Agrawal L, Azad N, Bahn GD, et al.; VADT Study Group. Intensive glycemic control improves long-term renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT). Diabetes Care. 2019;42:e181–e182.
  • American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee; 6. Glycemic Goals and Hypoglycemia: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care. [Internet]. 1 January 2024; 47 (Supplement_1): S111–S125. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-S006.
  • Bonds DE, Miller ME, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, Byington RP, Cutler JA, et al. The association between symptomatic, severe hypoglycaemia and mortality in type 2 diabetes: retrospective epidemiological analysis of the ACCORD study. BMJ. 2010 Jan 8;340:b4909. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b4909. PMID: 20061358; PMCID: PMC2803744.
  • Deshmukh H, Wilmot EG, Gregory R, Barnes D, Narendran P, Saunders S, et al. Effect of Flash Glucose Monitoring on Glycemic Control, Hypoglycemia, Diabetes-Related Distress, and Resource Utilization in the Association of British Clinical Diabetologists (ABCD) Nationwide Audit. Diabetes Care. 2020 Sep;43(9):2153-2160. doi: 10.2337/dc20-0738. Epub 2020 Jul 15. PMID: 32669277; PMCID: PMC7440900.
  • Ismail-Beigi F, Craven T, Banerji MA, et al.; ACCORD Trial Group. Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of the ACCORD randomised trial. Lancet 2010;376:419–430.
  • Lee S, Ock M, Kim HS, Kim H. Effects of Co-administration of Sulfonylureas and Antimicrobial Drugs on Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Using a Case-Crossover Design. Pharmacotherapy. 2020 Sep;40(9):902-912. doi: 10.1002/phar.2450. Epub 2020 Aug 13. PMID: 33112454.McCoy RG, Lipska KJ, Van Houten HK, Shah ND. Association of Cumulative Multimorbidity, Glycemic Control, and Medication Use With Hypoglycemia-Related Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations Among Adults With Diabetes. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jan 3;3(1):e1919099. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.19099. PMID: 31922562; PMCID: PMC6991264.
  • Matsuhisa M, Takita Y, Nasu R, Nagai Y, Ohwaki K, Nagashima H. Nasal glucagon as a viable alternative for treating insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in Japanese patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: A phase 3 randomized crossover study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020 Jul;22(7):1167-1175. doi: 10.1111/dom.14019. Epub 2020 Apr 12. PMID: 32115879; PMCID: PMC7318639.
  • Mattishent K, Loke YK. Detection of asymptomatic drug-induced hypoglycemia using continuous glucose monitoring in older people—systematic review. J Diabetes Complications 2018;32:805–812
  • Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, Neal B, Billot L, Woodward M, et al., ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucosecontrol and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 12;358:2560-72.
  • Seaquist ER, Miller ME, Bonds DE, Feinglos M, Goff Jr DC, Peterson K, et al., ACCORD Investigators. The impact of frequent and unrecognized hypoglycemia on mortality in the ACCORD study. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:409-14.
  • The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 2 diabetes in adults: management. NICE guideline [NG28]. 2022.
  • Zoungas S, Patel A, Chalmers J, de Galan BE, Li Q, Billot L, Woodward M, Ninomiya T, Neal B, MacMahon S, Grobbee DE, Kengne AP, Marre M, Heller S; ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Severe hypoglycemia and risks of vascular events and death. N Engl J Med. 2010 Oct 7;363(15):1410-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1003795. PMID: 20925543.

Diabetes mellitus. Neuropatía diabética

  • American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee; 12. Retinopathy, Neuropathy, and Foot Care: Standards of Care in Diabetes 2024. Diabetes Care 1 January 2024; 47 (Supplement_1): S231–S243. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-S012.
  • Andersen ST, Witte DR, Dalsgaard EM, et al. Risk factors for incident diabetic polyneuropathy in a cohort with screen-detected type 2 diabetes followed for 13 years: ADDITION-Denmark. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:1068–1075.
  • Boyle J Eriksson ME Gribble L Gouni R Johnsen S Coppini DV Kerr D. Randomized, placebo-controlled comparison of amitriptyline, duloxetine, and pregabalin in patients with chronic diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Diabetes Care. 2012 Dec.
  • Derry S, Rice ASC, Cole P, Tan T, Moore RA. Topical capsaicin (high concentration) for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD007393. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007393.pub4.
  • Finnerup NB, Attal N, Haroutounian S, McNicol E, Baron R, Dworkin RH, et al. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2015 Feb;14(2):162-73.
  • Infac (2014). Gabapentina y pregabalina: entre el uso y el abuso. Disponible en: https://www.osakidetza.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/cevime_infac_2014/es_def/adjuntos/INFAC_Vol_22_4_Gabapentina_Pregabalina_es.pdf.
  • Kaur H, Hota D, Bhansali A, et al. A comparative evaluation of amitriptyline and duloxetine in painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2011; 34:818.
  • Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D, Cole P, Wiffen PJ. Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD008242. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008242.pub3.
  • Murciasalud (2017). ¿Existe evidencia para el uso de preabalina en el dolor neurático? Disponible en: http://www.murciasalud.es/preevid.php?op=mostrar_pregunta&id=21813&idsec=453.
  • Raskin P, Huffman C, Toth C, et al. Pregabalin in patients with inadequately treated painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a randomized withdrawal trial. Clin J Pain. 2014;30:379–390.
  • Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Bell RF, et al. Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;6:CD007938.

Diabetes mellitus tipo 2

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  • AEMPS. Canagliflozina: posible incremento del riesgo de amputación no traumática en miembros inferiores [Internet]. 2016 [citado 6 de mayo de 2016]. Disponible en: http://www.aemps.gob.es/gl/informa/notasInformativas/medicamentosUsoHumano/seguridad/2016/docs/NI-MUH_FV_10-canaglifozina.pdf.
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  • American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 2022;45 Suppl 1. Disponible en: https://diabetesjournals.org/care/issue/45/Supplement_1.
  • American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 2023;46 Suppl 1. Disponible en: https://diabetesjournals.org/care/issue/46/Supplement_1.
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  • Appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2013 Dec 18.
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  • Catsalut. Servei Català de la Salut. Pautes per a l'harmonització del tractament farmacològic de la diabetes mellitus tipus 2. Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament de Salut; 2019. Disponible en: https://catsalut.gencat.cat/web/.content/minisite/catsalut/proveidors_professionals/medicaments_farmacia/harmonitzacio/pautes/diabetis-mellitus-tipus2/pauta-harmonitzacio-diabetis-mellitus-tipus2.pdf.
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  • European Medicines Agency's scientific guidelines on biosimilar medicines. Disponible en: http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/regulation/general/general_content_000408.jsp.
  • FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns that DPP-4 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes may cause severe joint pain. Disponible en: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm459579.htm.
  • FDA Drug Safety Communication. La FDA agrega advertencias acerca del riesgo de insuficiencia cardiaca a las etiquetas de los medicamentos para diabetes tipo 2 que contengan saxagliptina y alogliptina. Disponible en: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm496486.htm.
  • FDA. Drug Safety Communications 8-29-2018. FDA warns about rare occurrences of a serious infection of the genital area with SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes. Disponible en: https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/UCM618466.pdf.
  • Ficha técnica Abasaglar. Disponible en: http://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/2015/20151209133677/anx_133677_es.pdf.
  • Ficha técnica Tresiba. Disponible en: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/es_ES/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/002498/WC500138940.pdf.
  • Ficha técnica. Agencia Española del Medicamento y Productos Sanitarios. Disponible en: http://www.aemps.gob.es/cima/fichasTecnicas.do?metodo=detalleForm.
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  • Gómez-Huelgas R. El uso de metformina en el contexto de insuficiencia renal leve o moderada. Rev Clin Esp. 2012;212:105.
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  • Halpern SD, Harhay MO, Saulsgiver K, Brophy C, Troxel AB, Volpp KG. A pragmatic trial of e-cigarettes, incentives, and drugs for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 2018;378:2302–2310.
  • Hemmingsen B, Gimenez‐Perez G, Mauricio D, Roqué i Figuls M, Metzendorf MI, Richter B. Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD003054. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003054.pub4.
  • Hemmingsen B, Sonne DP, Metzendorf MI, Richter B. Dipeptidyl‐peptidase (DPP)‐4 inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide (GLP)‐1 analogues for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD012204. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012204.pub2.
  • Holden SE, Jenkins-Jones S, Currie CJ (2016) Association between Insulin Monotherapy versus Insulin plus Metformin and the Risk of AllCause Mortality and Other Serious Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Study. PLoS ONE. 11(5): e0153594.
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  • INFAC. Actualización del tratamiento farmacológico de la hiperglucemia en la diabetes tipo 2. Osakidetza. Vol. 29 nº 5/2021.
  • Informe de posicionamiento terapéutico de semaglutida oral (Rybelsus®) en diabetes mellitus tipo 2. IPT 65/2021. Fecha publicación: 10 de enero de 2022. AEMPS. Disponible en: https://www.aemps.gob.es.
  • Invokana and Invokamet (canagliflozin): Drug Safety Communication - New Information on Bone Fracture Risk and Decreased Bone Mineral Density. FDA Drug Safety Communicatons Sept 2015.
  • Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centred approach. Update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia 2015;58:429–442.
  • Lipscombe L, Butalia S, Dasgupta K, MSc, Eurich D, MacCallum L; Shah B. et al. Pharmacologic Glycemic Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Adults: 2020 Update. Can J Diabetes 44 (2020) 575-591. Disponible en: https://guidelines.diabetes.ca/cpg/chapter-13-2020-update.
  • Li S, Vandvik P, Lytvyn L, Guyatt G, Palmer S, Rodriguez R, et al . SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists for adults with type 2 diabetes: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2021;373: n1091. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1091.
  • Lu Y, Xing P, Cai X, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetic patients from 14 countries: estimates of the INTERPRET-DD study. Front Public Health 2020;8:534372.
  • James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cusman WC, Dennison-Himmelfard C, Handler J, et al. 2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults Report From the Panel Members.
  • Kalra S, Bahendeka S, Sahay R, Ghosh S, Md F, Orabi A et al. Consensus Recommendations on Sulfonylurea and Sulfonylurea Combinations in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - International Task Force. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2018 enero-febrero; 22 (1): 132-157. doi: 10.4103 / ijem.IJEM_556_17.
  • Madenidou A, Paschos P, Karagiannis T, Katsoula A, Athanasiadou E, Kitsios K, et al. Comparative Benefits and Harms of Basal Insulin Analogues for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169:165–174. doi: 10.7326/M18-0443.
  • Malanda UL, Welschen LM, Riphagen II, et al. Self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are not using insulin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012.
  • Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redón J, Zanchetti A, Böhm M, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension:the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2013;34(28):2159-219.
  • Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al.; SUSTAIN6 Investigators. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016;375:1834–1844.
  • Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al.; LEADER Steering Committee; LEADER Trial Investigators. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016;375: 311–322.
  • Maruthur NM, Tseng E, Hutfless S, et al. Diabetes medications as monotherapy or metformin-based combination therapy for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2016;164:740–751.
  • Marso SP, McGuire DK, Zinman B, Poulter NR, Emerson S, Pieber T, et al. Design of DEVOTE (Trial Comparing Cardiovascular Safety of Insulin Degludec vs Insulin Glargine in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes at High Risk of Cardiovascular Events) – DEVOTE 1. Am Heart J. 2016;179:175-83.
  • Meneghini L, Atkin SL, Gough SC, Raz I, Blonde L, Shestakova M, et al. The efficacy and safety of insulin degludec given in variable once-daily dosing intervals compared with insulin glargine and insulin degludec dosed at the same time daily: a 26- week, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, treat-to-target trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(4):858-64.
  • Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social. Riesgo de cetoacidosis diabética asociada al uso de canagliflozina, dapagliflozina y empagliflozina. Disponible en: http://www.aemps.gob.es/informa/notasInformativas/medicamentosUsoHumano/seguridad/2015/NI-MUH_FV_07-cetoacidosis-diabetica.htm.
  • Monami M, Genovese S, Mannucci E. Cardiovascular safety of sulfonylureas: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2013;15:938-53.
  • NICE Clinical Guideline 28: Type 2 diabetes in adults: management. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2022. Published: 19 October 2022. Disponible en: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG28.
  • Out M, Kooy A, Lehert P, Schalkwijk CA, Stehouwer CDA. Long-term treatment with metformin in type 2 diabetes and methylmalonic acid: post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled 4.3 year trial. J Diabetes Complications 2018;32:171–178.
  • Powers MA, Bardsley J, Cypress M, Duker P, Funnell MM, Fischl AH, et al. Diabetes self-management education and support in type 2 diabetes: a joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Diabetes educ. 2015; 41:417–30.
  • Qaseem A, Barry MJ, Humphrey LL, Forciea MA; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Oral Pharmacologic Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Clinical Practice Guideline Update From the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Feb 21;166(4):279-290. doi: 10.7326/M16-1860. Epub 2017 Jan 3.
  • Ramos R, Comas-Cufí M,Martí-Lluch R, Balló E, Ponjoan A, Alves-Cabratosa L, Blanch J, Marruga J, Elosua R, Grau M, Elosua-Bayes M,García-Ortiz L, Garcia-Gil M. Statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular events and mortality in old and very old adults with and without type 2 diabetes: retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2018;362:k3359.
  • Roglic G, Norris SL. Medicines for Treatment Intensification in Type 2 Diabetes and Type of Insulin in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Low-Resource Settings: Synopsis of the World Health Organization Guidelines on Second- and Third-Line Medicines and Type of Insulin for the Control of Blood Glucose Levels in Nonpregnant Adults With Diabetes Mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Sep 18;169(6):394-397. doi: 10.7326/M18-1149. Epub 2018 Sep 4.
  • Rosentock J et al. Effect of linagliptin vs placebo on major cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes and ight cardiovascular and renal risk. The CARMELINA randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;321(1):69-79.
  • Rosenstock J, Hollender P, Bhargava A, et al. Similar efficacy and safety of LY2963016 insulin glargine and insulin glargine (Lantus) in patients with type 2 diabetes who were insulin-naive or previously treated with insulin glargine: a randomised, double-blind controlled trial (the ELEMENT 2 study). Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2015;17: 734–41.
  • Simpson SH, Lee J, Choi S, Vandermeer B, Abdelmoneim AS, Featherstone TR. Mortality risk among sulfonylureas: a systematuc review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015 Jan;3(1):43-51.
  • Schramm TK, Gislason GH, et al. Mortality and cardiovascular risk associated with different insulin secretagogues compared with metformin in type 2 diabetes, with or without a previous myocardial infarction: a nationwide study. Eur Heart J. 2011 Aug;32(15):1900-8.
  • Schütt M, Kern W, Krause U, Busch P, Dapp A, Grziwotz J, et al. Is the Frequency of Self-Monitoring of Bool Glucose Related to Long-Term Metabolic Control? Multicenter Analysis Including 24500 Patients from 191 Centers in Germany and Austria. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2006;114:384-8.
  • Simon J, Gray A, Clarke P, Wade A, Neil A, Farmer A, (D G E M T G) Cost effectiveness of self monitoring of blood glucose in patients with non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes: economic evaluation of data from the DiGEM trial. BMJ. 2008;336(7654):1177-80.
  • Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and risk of serious adverse events: nationwide register based cohort study. BMJ. 2018;363:k4365. Disponible en: https:// doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k4365.
  • Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2019 Jan;42(Suppl.1):1-193.
  • Statin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults. US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2016;316(19):1997-2007.
  • Tang Y, Shah H, Bueno Junior CR, et al. Intensive risk factor management and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: the ACCORD trial. Diabetes Care. 2021;164–173.
  • Tesfaye S, Sloan G, Petrie J, et al.; OPTION-DM trial group Comparison of amitriptyline supplemented with pregabalin, pregabalin supplemented with amitriptyline, and duloxetine supplemented with pregabalin for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (OPTION-DM): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised crossover trial. Lancet 2022; 400:680–690.
  • The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 2 diabetes in adults: management. NICE guideline [NG28]. 2022.
  • The ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2560-72.
  • The ASCEND Study Collaborative Group. (2018). Effects of Aspirin for Primary Prevention in Persons with Diabetes Mellitus. The New England Jourrnal of Medicine. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1804988.
  • Type 2 diabetes in adults: management, NICE. Disponible en: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28?unlid=739233160201610316820%20.
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  • UKPDS 33. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 1998;352:837-53.
  • UKPDS. UK prospective study of therapies of maturity onset diabetes: I. Effect of diet, sulphonylurea, insulin or biguanide therapy on fasting glucose and bodyweight over one year. Diabetologia. 1983;24:404-11.
  • Van Dalem J, Brouwers MC, Stehouwer CD, Krings A, Leufkens HG, Driessen JH, et al. Riesgo de hipoglucemia en usuarios de sulfonilureas en comparación con metformina en relación con la función renal y el grupo de metabolitos de sulfonilureas: estudio de cohorte basado en la población. BMJ. 2016; 354 i3625.
  • Vos RC, van Avendonk MJP, Jansen H, Goudswaard AN, van den Donk M, Gorter K, Kerssen A, Rutten GEHM. Insulin monotherapy compared with the addition of oral glucose‐lowering agents to insulin for people with type 2 diabetes already on insulin therapy and inadequate glycaemic control. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD006992. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006992.pub2.
  • Wiviott SD et al. Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy N Engl J Med 2019; 380:2295-2306. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1811744.
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Galactorrea. Hiperprolactinemia

  • Bromocriptina en inhibición de la lactancia: condiciones de uso. Recomendaciones del Comité para la Evaluación de Riesgos en Farmacovigilancia Europeo-PRAC. Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios. [Fecha de publicación 11 de julio de 2014].
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  • Guía clínica de galactorrea de Fisterra. Disponible en: https://www-fisterra-com.bvcscm.a17.csinet.es/guias-clinicas/galactorrea/.
  • Mahmood IH, Al-Husaynei AJ, Mohamad SH. Comparative effects of bromocriptine and cabergoline on serum prolactin levels, liver and kidney function tests in hyperprolactinemic women. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences Online. 2010;26(2):255-260.
  • Molitch ME. Endocrinology in pregnancy: management of the pregnant patient with a prolactinoma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;172(5):R205-13.
  • Montejo Al, Arango C, Bernardo M, et al. Consenso español sobre los riesgos y detección de la hiperprolactinemia iatrogénica por antipsicóticos. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental. 2016; 9-3:131-178.
  • Motazedian S, Babakhani L, Fereshtehnejad SM, Mojthahedi K. A comparison of bromocriptine & cabergoline on fertility outcome of hyperprolactinemic infertile women undergoing intrauterine insemination. Indian J Med Res. 2010 May;131:670-4.
  • Nicolás Triantafilo, Victoria Castro-Gutiérrez, Gabriel Rada. ¿Cabergolina o bromocriptina para el prolactinoma? Medwave. 2016;16(Suppl3):e6545 doi: 10.5867/medwave.2016.6545.
  • Sarno AD, Landi ML, Cappabianca P, Di Salle F, et al. Resistance to cabergoline as compared with bromocriptine in hyperprolactinemia prevalence, clinical definitionand therapeutic strategy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;86:5256-5261.
  • Wang A, Mullan R, Lane M, et al. Treatment of hyperprolactinemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews. 2012;1:33.

Hipercolesterolemia

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  • Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, et al.; IMPROVE-IT Investigators. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2387–2397.
  • Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2019 Jan; 42(Supplement 1): S103-S123. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-S010.
  • Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2021. American Diabetes Association Diabetes Care. 2021 Jan; 44(Supplement 1): S125-S150. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-S010.
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  • Carter AA, Gomes T, Camacho X, Juurlink DN, Shah BR, Mamdani MM. Risk of incident diabetes among patients treated with statins: population based study. BMJ. 2013;346:f2610.
  • Cederberg H, Stančáková A, Yaluri N, Modi S, Kuusisto J, Laakso M. Increased risk of diabetes with statin treatment is associated with impaired insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion: a 6 year follow-up study of the METSIM cohort. Diabetologia. 2015; 58:1109-17.
  • Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in older people: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28 randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2019; 393:407.
  • Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, et al.; CARDS investigators. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:685–69610.
  • Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R; Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:2005–2016.
  • Dormuth CR, Filion KB, Paterson JM, James MT, Teare GF, Raymond CB, et al, for the Canadian Network for Observational Drug Effect Studies (CNODES) Investigators. Higher potency statins and the risk of new diabetes: multicentre, observational study of administrative databases. BMJ. 2014;348:g3244.
  • De Vries FM, Denig P, Pouwels KB, et al. Primary prevention of major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events with statins in diabetic patients: a meta-analysis. Drugs. 72 (2012), pp. 2365-2373.
  • Gencer B, Marston NA, Im K, et al. Efficacy and safety of lowering LDL cholesterol in older patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2020; 396:1637.
  • Guía ESC/EAS 2016 sobre el tratamiento de las dislipemias. Grupo de Trabajo de la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología (ESC) y la European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) sobre el Tratamiento de las Dislipemias. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2017;70:115.e1-e64.
  • Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al., 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol, Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2018). Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.003.
  • Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:7-22.
  • Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Collins R, et al.; Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2008;371:117–125.
  • Knopp RH, d'Emden M, Smilde JG, et al. Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in the prevention of cardiovascular end points in subjects with type 2 diabetes: the Atorvastatin Study for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Endpoints in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (ASPEN). Diabetes Care. 29 (2006), pp. 1478-1485.
  • Long-Term Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in US Adults With the Familial Hypercholesterolemia Phenotype. Circulation. 2016;134:9-19.
  • Mancini GBJ, Tashakkor AY, Baker S, Bergeron J, Fitchett D, Frohlich J, et al. Diagnosis, prevention, and management of statin adverse effects and intolerance: Canadian Working Group Consensus update. Can J Cardiol. 2013;29:1553-68.
  • Mortensen MB, Nordestgaard BG. Elevated LDL cholesterol and increased risk of myocardial infarction and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in individuals aged 70-100 years: a contemporary primary prevention cohort. Lancet. 2020; 396:1644. Mulnier HE, Seaman HE, Raleigh VS, et al. Risk of myocardial infarction in men and women with type 2 diabetes in the UK: a cohort study using the General Practice Research Database Diabetologia, 51 (2008), pp. 1639-1645.
  • NLA Task Force on Statin Safety-2014 update. J Clin Lipidol. 2014;8(3 Suppl): S1–81.
  • Orkaby AR, Driver JA, Ho YL, et al. Association of Statin Use with All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in US Veterans 75 Years and Older. JAMA 2020; 324:68.
  • Parker BA, Capizzi JA, Grimaldi AS, Clarkson PM, Cole SM, Keadle J, et al. Effect of statins on skeletal muscle function. Circulation. 2013;127:96-103.
  • Pearson GJ, Thanassoulis G, Anderson TJ, Barry AR, Couture P, Dayan N, et al. 2021 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults. CJC. [Internet]. 2021;37(8):1129-50. Disponible en: https://www.onlinecjc.ca/article/S0828-282X(21)00165-3/fulltext.
  • Pignone M. Management of elevated low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. UpToDate. [Internet]. 4 de noviembre de 2021. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-elevated-low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol-ldl-c-in-primary-prevention-of-cardiovascular-disease.
  • Preiss D, Seshasai SR, Welsh P, Murphy SA, Ho JE, Waters DD, et al. Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;305(24):2556- 64.
  • Ramos R, Comas-Cufí M, Martí-Lluch R, Balló E, Ponjoan A, Alves-Cabratosa L, et al. Statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular events and mortality in old and very old adults with and without type 2 diabetes: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2018;362:k3359. Disponible en: https://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k3359.long.htm].
  • Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM, Welsh P, Buckley BM, de Craen AJ, et al. Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials. Lancet. 2010;375(9716):735-42.
  • Stroes ES, Thompson PD, Corsini A, Vladutiu GD, Raal FJ, Ray KK, et al. European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy-European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement on Assessment, Aetiology and Management. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1012-22.
  • Sugiyama T, Tsugawa Y, Tseng CH, Kobayashi Y, Shapiro MF. Different time trends of caloric and fat intake between statin users and nonusers among US adults: Gluttony in the time of statins? JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(7):1038-45.
  • Taylor F, Huffman MD, Macedo AF, et a. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;1:CD004816.
  • Wexler DJ. Overview of general medical care in nonpregnant adults with diabetes mellitus. UpToDate. 13 de enero de 2021. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-general-medical-care-in-nonpregnant-adults-with-diabetes-mellitus.
  • Zhou Z, Ofori-Asenso R, Curtis AJ, et al. Association of Statin Use With Disability-Free Survival and Cardiovascular Disease Among Healthy Older Adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020; 76:17.

Hipertrigliceridemia

  • Andersson C, Lyass A, Vasan RS, Massaro JM, D'Agostino RB, Robins SJ. Long-term risk of cardiovascular events across a spectrum of adverse major plasma lipid combinations in the Framingham Heart Study. Am Heart J. 2014;168:878-883.e1
  • Ascaso JF, Millán J, Hernández-Mijares A, Blasco M, Brea A, Díaz A, Mantilla T, Pedro-Botet J, Pintó X y Grupo de trabajo sobre Dislipemia Aterogénica de la SEA. Documento de consenso sobre el manejo de la dislipemia aterogénica de la Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis. Clin Invest Arterioscler. 2017; 29(2): 86-91.
  • Boekholdt SM, Arsenault BJ, Mora S, Pedersen TR, LaRosa JC, Nestel PJ, et al. Association of LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B levels with risk of cardiovascular events among patients treated with statins: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012; 307:1302-9.
  • Brugts J, Yetgin T, Gotto A. Et al. The benefits of statins in people without established cardiovascular disease but with cardiovascular risk factors: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2009;338:b2376.
  • Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Disponible en: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg181/chapter/1-Recommendations#lipid-modification-therapy-for-the-primary-and-secondary-prevention-of-cvd-2.
  • Ficha técnica de gemfibrocilo. Disponible en: https://www.aemps.gob.es/cima/pdfs/es/ft/63763/FT_63763.pdf.
  • Ficha técnica de fenofibrato. Disponible en: https://www.aemps.gob.es/cima/pdfs/es/ft/69368/FT_69368.pdf.
  • Guía ESC/EAS 2016 sobre el tratamiento de las dislipemias. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2017;70:115.e1-115.e6410.1016/j.recesp.2016.11.052.
  • Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 21018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.003.
  • Jun M, Foote C, Lv J. Et al. Effects of fibrates on cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010;375:1875-8.
  • Linares C, Pelletier A, Czernichow S. Et al. Acute Pancreatitis in a cohort of 129 Patientes Referred for Severe hypertriglyceridemia. Pancreas. 2008;37:13-8.
  • Murad M, Hazem A, Coto-Yglesias F. Et al. The association of hypertriglyceridemiawith cardiovascular events and pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocrine Disorders. 2012;12:2
  • Oh R, Lanier J. Management of Hypertriglyceridemia. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75:1365-71.
  • Sandhu S, Al-Sarraf A, Taraboanta C. Et al. Incidence of pancreatitis, secondary causes, and treatment of patients referred to a specialty lipid clinic with severe hypertriglyceridemia: a retrospective cohort study. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2011;10:157-64.
  • Scott R, OBrien R, Fulcher G, et al. Effects of fenofibrato treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in 9,795 individuals with type 2 diabetes and various components of the metabolic syndrome: the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:493-8.
    The ACCORD Study Group. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1563-74.
  • The FIELD study investigators. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1849-61.
  • Valdivieso P, Sanchez-Chaparro MA, Calvo-Bonacho E. Et al. Association of moderate and severe hypertrigluceridemia with obesity, diabetes mellitus and vascular disease in the Spanish working population: Results of the ICARIA study. Atherosclerosis 207 (2009) 573-8.
  • Valensi P, Avignon A, Sultan A, Chanu B, Nguyen MT, Cosson E. Atherogenic dyslipidemia and risk of silent coronary artery disease in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2016; 15(1):104.
  • Wang D, Liu B, Tao W, Hao Z, Liu M. Fibrates for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD009580. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009580.pub2.

Obesidad

  • Alkhezi OS, Alahmed AA, Alfayez OM, Alzuman O, Almutairi A, Almohammed O. Comparative effectiveness of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the management of obesity in adults without diabetes: A network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Obes Rev. 2023; 24:e13543.
  • Análogos del CLP-1 para perder peso. ¿Conocemos sus riesgos? Butlletí de Farmacovigilància de Catalunya. Vol 21 (3). Mayo-junio 2023. Disponible en: https://scientiasalut.gencat.cat/bitstream/handle/11351/10155/BFV_2013_21_03_cas.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y.
  • Aronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, Bays HE, Wharton S, Lin WY, et al.; SURMOUNT-4 Investigators. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024 Jan 2;331(1):38-48. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.24945.
  • Bezin J, Gouverneur A, Pénichon M, Mathieu C, Garrel R, Hillaire-Buys D, et al. GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer. Diabetes Care. 2023; 46 (2): 384-390.
  • Butler J, Shah SJ, Petrie MC, Borlaug BA, Abildstrøm SZ, Davies MJ, et al; STEP-HFpEF Trial Committees and Investigators. Semaglutide versus placebo in people with obesity-related heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a pooled analysis of the STEP-HFpEF and STEP-HFpEF DM randomised trials. Lancet. 2024 Apr 27;403(10437):1635-1648.
  • Colhoun HM, Lingvay I, Brown PM, et al. Long-term kidney outcomes of semaglutide in obesity and cardiovascular disease in the SELECT trial. Nat Med 2024; 30:2058.
  • Córdoba García R, Camarelles Guillem F, Muñoz Seco E et al. Recomendaciones sobre el estilo de vida. Actualización PAPPS 2022. Aten Primaria. 2022;54:102444.
  • Delgado-Lista J, Alcala-Diaz JF, Torres-Pena JD, Quintana Navarro GM, Fuentes F, Garcia-Rios A, et al. Long-term secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet and a low-fat diet (CORDIOPREV): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2022;399:1876-85.
  • Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021; 385:503.
  • Ingelfinger JR, Rosen CJ. STEP 1 for Effective Weight Control - Another First Step? N Engl J Med. 2021; 384:1066.
  • Fármacos para la obesidad. INFAC. 2023;31(5):46-59. Disponible en: https://www.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/cevime_infac_2023/es_def/adjuntos/Boleti-n-INFAC_Vol_31_5_Obesidad.pdf. 
  • Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, Wharton S, Connery L, Alves B, et al.; SURMOUNT-1 Investigators. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jul 21;387(3):205-216.
  • Khera R, Murad MH, Chandar AK, et al. Association of Pharmacological Treatments for Obesity With Weight Loss and Adverse Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016; 315:2424.
  • Kosiborod MN, Abildstrøm SZ, Borlaug BA, Butler J, Rasmussen S, Davies M, et al; STEP-HFpEF Trial Committees and Investigators. Semaglutide in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2023 Sep 21;389(12):1069-1084.
  • Lecube A, Azriel S, Barreiro E, Blay G. Guía Española GIRO: guía española del manejo integral y multidisciplinar de la obesidad en personas adultas. (2024). Disponible en: https://semfyc.es/storage/scientific_evidence/resources/Guia%20GIRO_240305_082333.pdf.
  • Liu Y, Ruan B, Jiang H, et al. The Weight-loss Effect of GLP-1RAs Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Non-diabetic Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023; 118:614.
  • Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, Deanfield J, Emerson SS, Esbjerg S, et al.; SELECT Trial Investigators. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2023 Dec 14;389(24):2221-2232.
  • Marques-Vidal P. Comparison of lifestyle changes and pharmacological treatment on cardiovascular risk factors. Heart. 2020 Jun;106(11):852-862.
  • Orozco D, Brotons C, Banegas JR, Gil V, Cebrián A, Martín E et al. Recomendaciones preventivas cardiovasculares. Actualización PAPPS 2022. Aten Primaria. 2022;54:102444.
  • Perreault L, Davies M, Frias JP, Laursen PN, Lingvay I, Machineni S, et al. Changes in Glucose Metabolism and Glycemic Status With Once-Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide 2.4 mg Among Participants With Prediabetes in the STEP Program. Diabetes Care. 2022 Oct 1;45(10):2396-2405. doi: 10.2337/dc21-1785. PMID: 35724304; PMCID: PMC9862484.
  • Pi-Sunyer X, Astrup A, Fuijoka K, Greenway F, Halpern A, Krrempf M, et al. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg og Liraglutide in Weight Management. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(1):11-22.
  • Rodríguez PJ, Goodwin BM, Gratzl S, Brar R, Baker C, Gluckman TJ, et al. Semaglutide vs Tirzepatide for Weight Loss in Adults With Overweight or Obesity. JAMA Intern Med. 2024 Sep 1;184(9):1056-1064.
  • Rosenstock J, Allison D, Birkenfeld AL, et al. Effect of Additional Oral Semaglutide vs Sitagliptin on Glycated Hemoglobin in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Uncontrolled With Metformin Alone or With Sulfonylurea: The PIONEER 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019; 321:1466.
  • Rubino DM, Greenway FL, Khalid U, O'Neil PM, Rosenstock J, Sørrig R, et al; STEP 8 Investigators. Effect of Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Daily Liraglutide on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity Without Diabetes: The STEP 8 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022 Jan 11;327(2):138-150.
  • Serralde Zúñiga AE, Gonzalez Garay AG, Rodríguez Carmona Y, Melendez G. Fluoxetina para adultos con sobrepeso u obesidad. Base de datos Cochrane de revisiones sistemáticas 2019, número 10. Art. No .: CD011688. doi: 10.1002 / 14651858.CD011688.pub2.
  • US Preventive Services Task Force, Curry SJ, Krist AH, et al. Behavioral Weight Loss Interventions to Prevent Obesity-Related Morbidity and Mortality in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2018; 320:1163.
  • Verma S, Bhatta M, Davies M, Deanfield JE, Garvey WT, Jensen C, et al. (2023). Effects of once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg on C-reactive protein in adults with overweight or obesity (STEP 1, 2, and 3): Exploratory analyses of three randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials. EClinicalMedicine, 55.
  • Villareal DT, Aguirre L, Gurney AB, et al. Aerobic or Resistance Exercise, or Both, in Dieting Obese Older Adults. N Engl J Med. 2017; 376:1943.
  • Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, Carballo D, Koskinas KC, Bäck M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021; 42:3227-337.
  • Wadden TA, Chao AM, Machineni S, Kushner R, Ard J, Srivastava G, Halpern B, et al. Author Correction: Tirzepatide after intensive lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight or obesity: the SURMOUNT-3 phase 3 trial. Nat Med. 2024 Jun;30(6):1784. doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-02883-1. Erratum for: Nat Med. 2023 Nov;29(11):2909-2918.
  • Wadden TA, Bailey TS, Billings LK, Davies M, Frias JP, Koroleva A, et al; STEP 3 Investigators. Effect of Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo as an Adjunct to Intensive Behavioral Therapy on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021 Apr 13;325(14):1403-1413
  • Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021; 384:989.
  • Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021 Apr 13;325(14):1403-1413.

Tiroides. Bocio simple

  • Biondi B, Cappola AR. Subclinical hypothyroidism in older individuals. The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology. [Internet]. 2022;10 (2):129-41. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34953533/.
  • Chen AY, Bernet VJ, Carty SE, et al. American Thyroid Association statement on optimal surgical management of goiter. Thyroid. 2014; 24:181.
  • Cirocchi R, Trastulli S, Randolph J, Guarino S, Di Rocco G, Arezzo A, et al. Total or near‐total thyroidectomy versus subtotal thyroidectomy for multinodular non‐toxic goitre in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 8. Art. No.: CD010370. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010370.pub2.
  • Evans TC. Thyroid disease. Primare Care. 2003;30:625-40.
  • Garber J, Papini E, Frasoldati A, Lupo M, Harrell R, Parangi S et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology And Associazione Medici Endocrinologi Thyroid Nodule Algorithmic Tool. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2021; 21(11): 2104-15.
  • Gharib H, Papini E, Garber JR, Duick DS, Harrell RM, Hegedüs L, Paschke R, Valcavi R, Vitti P; AACE/ACE/AME Task Force on Thyroid Nodules. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College Of Endocrinology, And Associazione Medici Endocrinologi Medical Guidelines For Clinical Practice For The Diagnosis And Management Of Thyroid Nodules--2016 UPDATE. Endocr Pract. 2016 May;22(5):622-3.
  • Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, Doherty GM, Mandel SJ, Nikiforov YE, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2016 Jan;26(1):1-133.

Tiroides. Hipertiroidismo

  • Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (AEMPS). Arbimazol (neo-tomizol®) y tiamazol (tirodril®): riesgo de pancreatitis aguda y nuevas recomendaciones sobre anticoncepción durante el tratamiento. Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social; 2019. Disponible en: https://www.aemps.gob.es/informa/notasInformativas/medicamentosUsoHumano/seguridad/2019/docs/NI_MUH_FV-1-2019-carbimazol-tiamazol.pdf.
  • American Geriatrics Society 2019 Updated AGS Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults By the 2019 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel.
  • Biondi B, Bartalena L, Cooper DS et al (2015) The 2015 European Thyroid Association guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J. 4(3):149-163.
  • Brito JP, Payne S, Singh Ospina N, et al. Patterns of Use, Efficacy, and Safety of Treatment Options for Patients with Graves' Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. Thyroid. 2020; 30:357.
  • Liu ZW, Masterson L, Fish B, Jani P, Chatterjee K. Thyroid surgery for Graves’ disease and Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD010576. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010576.pub2.
  • Ma C, Xie J, Wang H, Li J, Chen S. Radioiodine therapy versus antithyroid medications for Graves' disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD010094. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010094.pub2.
  • NICE. Thyroid disease: assessment and management. [Internet]. NICE guideline; 2019. Disponible en: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng145.
  • Pfeilschifter J, Ziegler R 1996 Smoking and endocrine ophthalmopathy: impact of smoking severity and current vs lifetime cigarette consumption. Clin Endocrinol(Oxf). 45:477–481.
  • Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Greenlee MC, Laurberg P, Maia AL, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 2016;26(10):1343-421. PubMed PMID: 27521067.
  • Sjölin G, Holmberg M, Törring O, et al. The Long-Term Outcome of Treatment for Graves' Hyperthyroidism. Thyroid. 2019; 29:1545.

Tiroides. Hipotiroidismo primario

  • Alexander EK, Pearce EN, Brent GA, et al. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum. Thyroid. 2017; 27:315.
  • Costa i Pagès J. Hipotiroidismo. Recomendaciones prácticas. Butlletí de información terapéutica. Servei Català de la Salut. 2016;27(3).
  • Chiu HH, Larrazabal R Jr, Uy AB, Jimeno C. Weekly Versus Daily Levothyroxine Tablet Replacement in Adults with Hypothyroidism: A Meta-Analysis. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc. 2021; 36:156.
  • Evron JM, Hummel SL, Reyes-Gastelum D, et al. Association of Thyroid Hormone Treatment Intensity With Cardiovascular Mortality Among US Veterans. JAMA Netw Open. 2022; 5:e2211863.
  • Feller M, Snel M, Moutzouri E, et al. Association of thyroid hormone therapy with quality of life and thyroid-related symptoms in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2018;320:1349-59. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.13770. MPID: 30285179.
  • Gavigan C, Abbey EJ, McGready J, et al. Levothyroxine Dosing in Older Adults: Recommendations Derived From The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Endocr Pract. 2023; 29:612.
  • Grossman A, Weiss A, Koren-Morag N, et al. Subclinical Thyroid Disease and Mortality in the Elderly: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Am J Med. 2016; 129:423.
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