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Problemas endocrinológicos y de la nutrición

Anorexia (como síntoma)

  • American Geriatrics Society 2019 Updated AGS Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults By the 2019 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel.
  • Hammond S, Erridge S, Mangal N, Pacchetti B, Sodergren MH. The Effect of Cannabis-Based Medicine in the Treatment of Cachexia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2021 Dec;6(6):474-487. doi: 10.1089/can.2021.0048. Epub 2021 Oct 18. PMID: 34664988; PMCID: PMC8713261.
  • Landi F, Picca A, Calvani R, Marzetti E. Anorexia of Aging: Assessment and Management. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017 Aug;33(3):315-323. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2017.02.004. Epub 2017 May 20. PMID: 28689565.
  • Lim YL, Teoh SE, Yaow CYL, Lin DJ, Masuda Y, Han MX, Yeo WS, Ng QX. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Clinical Use of Megestrol Acetate for Cancer-Related Anorexia/Cachexia. J Clin Med. 2022 Jun 28;11(13):3756. doi: 10.3390/jcm11133756. PMID: 35807039; PMCID: PMC9267332.
  • Saeteaw M, Sanguanboonyaphong P, Yoodee J, Craft K, Sawangjit R, Ngamphaiboon N, Shantavasinkul PC, Subongkot S, Chaiyakunapruk N. Efficacy and safety of pharmacological cachexia interventions: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2021 Mar;11(1):75-85. doi: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2020-002601. Epub 2020 Nov 27. PMID: 33246937.
  • Talebi S, Zeraattalab-Motlagh S, Barkhordar M, Vaezi M, Ghoreishy SM, Ghavami A, Hosseini Y, Travica N, Mohammadi H. Dose-dependent effect of megestrol acetate supplementation in cancer patients with anorexia-cachexia syndrome: A meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2024 Aug;15(4):1254-1263. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.13500. Epub 2024 Jun 20. PMID: 39031821; PMCID: PMC11294013.
  • Vayne‐Bossert P, Haywood A, Good P, Khan S, Rickett K, Hardy JR. Corticosteroids for adult patients with advanced cancer who have nausea and vomiting (not related to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or surgery). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD012002. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012002.pub2.

Deshidratación

  • Acosta Benito MA, García Pliego RA, Baena Díez JM et al. Actividades preventivas en el mayor. Actualización PAPPS 2022. Aten Primaria. 2022;54:102438.
  • Gregorio GV, Gonzales MLM, Dans LF, Martinez EG. Polymer‐based oral rehydration solution for treating acute watery diarrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD006519. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006519.pub3.
  • Murphy C, Hahn S, Volmink J. Solución de rehidratación oral de osmolaridad reducida para el tratamiento del cólera (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2007, número 4. Oxford: Update Software Ltd. Disponible en: http://www.update-software.com.
  • Oral rehydration salts. Production of the new ORS. WHO-UNICEF, 2006.
  • Volkert D, Beck AM, Cederholm T, Cruz-Jentoft A, Hooper L, Kiesswetter E, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics. Clin Nutr. 2022; 41:958-89.

Desnutrición

Diabetes mellitus. Enfermedad renal crónica

  • ACCORD Study Group; Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, Goff DC Jr, Grimm RH Jr, Cutler JA, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010 Apr 29;362(17):1575-85. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1001286. Epub 2010 Mar 14. PMID: 20228401; PMCID: PMC4123215.
  • Agarwal R, Filippatos G, Pitt B, Anker SD, Rossing P, Joseph A, et al; FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD investigators. Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes with finerenone in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: the FIDELITY pooled analysis. Eur Heart J. 2022 Feb 10;43(6):474-484. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab777. Erratum in: Eur Heart J. 2022 May 21;43(20):1989. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab886. PMID: 35023547; PMCID: PMC8830527.
  • Agarwal A, Zeng X, Li S, Rayner D, Foroutan F, Aertgeerts B, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors for adults with chronic kidney disease: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2024 Oct 1;387:e080257. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2024-080257. PMID: 39353639. 
  • Álvarez-Guisasola F, Orozco-Beltrán D, Cebrián-Cuenca AM, Ruiz Quintero MA, Angullo Martínez E, Ávila Lachica L, et al. Manejo de la hiperglucemia con fármacos no insulínicos en pacientes adultos con diabetes tipo 2.Aten Primaria. 2019;51:442-51. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2019.05.014.
  • American Diabetes Association. Standards of Care in Diabetes - 2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 January;48(1).
  • American Geriatrics Society 2019 Updated AGS Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults By the 2019 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel.
  • Bakris, G, Agarwal R, Anker S, Pitt B, Ruilope L, Rossing P. Effect of Finerenone on Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. Engl J Med 2020; 383:2219-2229. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2025845
  • Dave CV, Kim SC, Goldfine AB, et al. Risk of Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes After Addition of SGLT2 Inhibitors Versus Sulfonylureas to Baseline GLP-1RA Therapy. Circulation. 2021;143:770.
  • Draznin B, Aroda VR, Bakris G, Benson G, Brown FM, Freeman R, et al. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care.2022;45 Suppl 1:S125---43. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S009.
  • Giugliano D, Maiorino MI, Bellastella G, Longo M, Chiodini P, Esposito K. GLP-1 receptor agonists for prevention of cardiorenal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an updated metaanalysis including the REWIND and PIONEER 6 trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. [Internet] 2019;21:2576-80. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31373167/.
  • Heerspink HJL, Stefánsson BV, Correa-Rotter R, Chertow GM, Greene T, Hou FF, et al.; DAPA-CKD Trial Committees and Investigators. Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 8;383(15):1436-1446. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2024816. Epub 2020 Sep 24. PMID: 32970396.
  • Jardine MJ, Mahaffey KW, Neal B, et al.; CREDENCE study investigators. The Canagliflozin and Renal Endpoints in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation (CREDENCE) study rationale, design, and baseline characteristics. Am J Nephrol 2017;46:462-472.
  • Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int. 2024 Apr;105(4S):S117-S314. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.10.018. PMID: 38490803.
  • Lee, Yen-Chieh et al. Comparative Effectiveness of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Preventing Chronic Kidney Failure and Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and CKD. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, Volume 86, Issue 3, 301 - 313.e1.
  • Lv J, Perkovic V, Foote CV, Craig ME, Craig JC, Strippoli GFM. Antihypertensive agents for preventing diabetic kidney disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD004136. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004136.pub3.
  • Mahaffey KW, Neal B, Perkovic V, et al.; CANVAS Program Collaborative Group Canagliflozin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events: results from the CANVAS Program (Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study). Circulation 2018;137:323–334.
  • Mann JFE, Ørsted DD, Brown-Frandsen K, et al.; LEADER Steering Committee and Investigators. Liraglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017;377:839-848.
  • Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al.; SUSTAIN-6 Investigators. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016;375:1834-1844.
  • Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al.; LEADER Steering Committee; LEADER Trial Investigators. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:311–322.
  • Martínez Azor A, González Romero C, Tejada Cifuentes F. Finerenona en el segundo escalón del tratamiento de la enfermedad renal crónica en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. SESCAM. Hoja de Evaluación de Medicamentos de Castilla-La Mancha. [Internet]. 2024;15(2). Disponible en: https://sanidad.castillalamancha.es/sites/sescam.castillalamancha.es/files/documentos/farmacia/hem_2024_2_finerenona_0.pdf.
  • McGuire DK, Shih WJ, Cosentino F, Charbonnel B, Cherney DZI, Dagogo-Jack S, et al. Association of SGLT2 Inhibitors With Cardiovascular and Kidney Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2021 Feb 1;6(2):148-158. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.4511. PMID: 33031522; PMCID: PMC7542529.
  • NICE. Type 2 Diabetes in Adults: Management. [Internet]. NICE guideline [NG28]. Diciembre 2015 [última actualización: 29 de junio de 2022]. Disponible en: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28/chapter/Recommendations#managing-complications.
  • Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al.; CANVAS Program Collaborative Group. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017;377:644–657.
  • Neuen BL, Ohkuma T, Neal B, et al. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with canagliflozin according to baseline kidney function: data from the CANVAS. Program. Circulation 2018;138: 1537–1550.
  • Nuffield Department of Population Health Renal Studies Group, SGLT2 inhibitor Meta-Analysis Cardio-Renal Trialists' Consortium. Impact of diabetes on the effects of sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors on kidney outcomes: collaborative meta-analysis of large placebo-controlled trials. Lancet 2022; 400:1788.
  • Palmer SC, Tendal B, Mustafa RA, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter protein-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2021; 372:m4573.
  • Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, et al. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2019 April 14. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1811744.
  • Perkovic V, Tuttle KR, Rossing P, et al. Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2024; 391:109.
  • RedGDPS. Algoritmo de tratamiento de la enfermedad renal crónica en personas con DM2 - 2024.  [Internet]. redGDPS; 2024. Disponible en: https://www.redgdps.org/algoritmo-de-tratamiento-de-la-enfermedad-renal-cronica-en-personas-con-dm2-2024.
  • Rossing P, Baeres FMM, Bakris G, Bosch-Traberg H, Gislum M, Gough SCL, et al. The rationale, design and baseline data of FLOW, a kidney outcomes trial with once-weekly semaglutide in people with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2023 Aug 31;38(9):2041-2051. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfad009. 
  • Ruospo M, Saglimbene VM, Palmer SC, De Cosmo S, Pacilli A, Lamacchia O, Cignarelli M, Fioretto P, Vecchio M, Craig JC, Strippoli GFM. Glucose targets for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD010137. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010137.pub2.
  • Salah HM, Al'Aref SJ, Khan MS, et al. Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on cardiovascular and kidney outcomes-Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Am Heart J 2021; 232:10.
  • Seidu S, Cos X, Brunton S, Harris SB, Jansson SPO, Mata-Cases M, et al. A disease state approach to the pharmacologicalmanagement of type 2 diabetes in primary care: A position statement by Primary Care Diabetes Europe. Prim Care Diabetes. 2021;15:31-51. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2020.05.004.
  • The EMPA-KIDNEY Collaborative Group; Herrington WG, Staplin N, Wanner C, Green JB, Hauske SJ, Emberson JR, Preiss D, Judge P, Mayne KJ, Ng SYA, Sammons E, Zhu D, Hill M, Stevens W, Wallendszus K, Brenner S, Cheung AK, Liu ZH, Li J, Hooi LS, Liu W, Kadowaki T, Nangaku M, Levin A, Cherney D, Maggioni AP, Pontremoli R, Deo R, Goto S, Rossello X, Tuttle KR, Steubl D, Petrini M, Massey D, Eilbracht J, Brueckmann M, Landray MJ, Baigent C, Haynes R. Empagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. N Engl J Med. 2023 Jan 12;388(2):117-127. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2204233. Epub 2022 Nov 4. PMID: 36331190; PMCID: PMC7614055.
  • Tuttle KR, Lakshmanan MC, Rayner B, et al. Dulaglutide versus insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (AWARD-7): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6:605–617.
  • Wexler DJ, de Boer IH, Ghosh A, et al. Comparative Effects of Glucose-Lowering Medications on Kidney Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: The GRADE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med 2023; 183:705.
  • Wong MG, Perkovic V, Chalmers J, et al.; ADVANCE-ON Collaborative Group. Long-term benefits of intensive glucose control for preventing end-stage kidney disease: ADVANCE-ON. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:694–700.
  • Wu HY, Peng CL, Chen PC, Chiang CK, Chang CJ, Huang JW, Peng YS, Tu YK, Chu TS, Hung KY, Chien KL. Comparative effectiveness of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors versus angiotensin II receptor blockers for major renal outcomes in patients with diabetes: A 15-year cohort study. PLoS One. 2017 May 15;12(5):e0177654. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177654. PMID: 28505194; PMCID: PMC5432180.
  • Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, Im K, Goodrich EL, Furtado RHM, et al. Comparison of the effects of glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for prevention of major adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2019;139: 2022-31. Disponible en: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038868?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed.
  • Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, Mattheus M, Devins T, Johansen OE, Woerle HJ, Broedl UC, Inzucchi SE; EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigators. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015 Nov 26;373(22):2117-28. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1504720. Epub 2015 Sep 17. PMID: 26378978.
  • Zoungas S, Arima H, Gerstein HC, et al.; Collaborators on Trials of Lowering Glucose (CONTROL) group. Effects of intensive glucose control on microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised controlled trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5:431–437.

Diabetes mellitus. Hipoglucemia

  • Agrawal L, Azad N, Bahn GD, et al.; VADT Study Group. Intensive glycemic control improves long-term renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT). Diabetes Care. 2019;42:e181–e182.
  • American Diabetes Association. Standards of Care in Diabetes - 2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 January;48(1).
  • Bonds DE, Miller ME, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, Byington RP, Cutler JA, et al. The association between symptomatic, severe hypoglycaemia and mortality in type 2 diabetes: retrospective epidemiological analysis of the ACCORD study. BMJ. 2010 Jan 8;340:b4909. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b4909. PMID: 20061358; PMCID: PMC2803744.
  • Deshmukh H, Wilmot EG, Gregory R, Barnes D, Narendran P, Saunders S, et al. Effect of Flash Glucose Monitoring on Glycemic Control, Hypoglycemia, Diabetes-Related Distress, and Resource Utilization in the Association of British Clinical Diabetologists (ABCD) Nationwide Audit. Diabetes Care. 2020 Sep;43(9):2153-2160. doi: 10.2337/dc20-0738. Epub 2020 Jul 15. PMID: 32669277; PMCID: PMC7440900.
  • Lee S, Ock M, Kim HS, Kim H. Effects of Co-administration of Sulfonylureas and Antimicrobial Drugs on Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Using a Case-Crossover Design. Pharmacotherapy. 2020 Sep;40(9):902-912. doi: 10.1002/phar.2450. Epub 2020 Aug 13. PMID: 33112454.McCoy RG, Lipska KJ, Van Houten HK, Shah ND. Association of Cumulative Multimorbidity, Glycemic Control, and Medication Use With Hypoglycemia-Related Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations Among Adults With Diabetes. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jan 3;3(1):e1919099. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.19099. PMID: 31922562; PMCID: PMC6991264.
  • Matsuhisa M, Takita Y, Nasu R, Nagai Y, Ohwaki K, Nagashima H. Nasal glucagon as a viable alternative for treating insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in Japanese patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: A phase 3 randomized crossover study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020 Jul;22(7):1167-1175. doi: 10.1111/dom.14019. Epub 2020 Apr 12. PMID: 32115879; PMCID: PMC7318639.
  • Mattishent K, Loke YK. Detection of asymptomatic drug-induced hypoglycemia using continuous glucose monitoring in older people—systematic review. J Diabetes Complications 2018;32:805–812
  • Seaquist ER, Miller ME, Bonds DE, Feinglos M, Goff Jr DC, Peterson K, et al., ACCORD Investigators. The impact of frequent and unrecognized hypoglycemia on mortality in the ACCORD study. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:409-14.
  • The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 2 diabetes in adults: management. NICE guideline [NG28]. 2022.
  • Zoungas S, Patel A, Chalmers J, de Galan BE, Li Q, Billot L, Woodward M, Ninomiya T, Neal B, MacMahon S, Grobbee DE, Kengne AP, Marre M, Heller S; ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Severe hypoglycemia and risks of vascular events and death. N Engl J Med. 2010 Oct 7;363(15):1410-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1003795. PMID: 20925543.

Diabetes mellitus. Neuropatía diabética

  • American Diabetes Association. Standards of Care in Diabetes - 2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 January;48(1).
  • Andersen ST, Witte DR, Dalsgaard EM, et al. Risk factors for incident diabetic polyneuropathy in a cohort with screen-detected type 2 diabetes followed for 13 years: ADDITION-Denmark. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:1068–1075.
  • Boyle J Eriksson ME Gribble L Gouni R Johnsen S Coppini DV Kerr D. Randomized, placebo-controlled comparison of amitriptyline, duloxetine, and pregabalin in patients with chronic diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Diabetes Care. 2012 Dec.
  • Derry S, Rice ASC, Cole P, Tan T, Moore RA. Topical capsaicin (high concentration) for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD007393. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007393.pub4.
  • Infac (2014). Gabapentina y pregabalina: entre el uso y el abuso. Disponible en: https://www.osakidetza.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/cevime_infac_2014/es_def/adjuntos/INFAC_Vol_22_4_Gabapentina_Pregabalina_es.pdf.
  • Kaur H, Hota D, Bhansali A, et al. A comparative evaluation of amitriptyline and duloxetine in painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2011; 34:818.
  • Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D, Cole P, Wiffen PJ. Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD008242. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008242.pub3.
  • Murciasalud (2017). ¿Existe evidencia para el uso de preabalina en el dolor neurático? Disponible en: http://www.murciasalud.es/preevid.php?op=mostrar_pregunta&id=21813&idsec=453.
  • Raskin P, Huffman C, Toth C, et al. Pregabalin in patients with inadequately treated painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a randomized withdrawal trial. Clin J Pain. 2014;30:379–390.
  • Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Bell RF, et al. Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;6:CD007938.

Diabetes mellitus tipo 2

  • Patel A, Chalmers J, Poulter N. ADVANCE (Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modificied Release Controlled Evaluation). Lancet. 2007;370:829-40.
  • AEMPS. Canagliflozina: posible incremento del riesgo de amputación no traumática en miembros inferiores [Internet]. 2016 [citado 6 de mayo de 2016]. Disponible en: http://www.aemps.gob.es/gl/informa/notasInformativas/medicamentosUsoHumano/seguridad/2016/docs/NI-MUH_FV_10-canaglifozina.pdf.
  • Amate J, López Cuadrado T, Almendro N, Bouza C, Saz Parkinson Z, Rivas Ruiz T, et al. Effectiveness and safety of glimepiride and iDPP4, associated with metformin in second line pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pract. 2015 Mar;69(3):292-304.
  • American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee; 9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025. Diabetes Care 1 January 2025; 48 (Supplement_1): S181–S206. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc25-S009
  • Bonnet F, Chen H, Cooper A, Gomes MB, Ji L, Leigh P, et al. What are the factors associated with long-term glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes and elevated glycated haemoglobin (≥7.0%) at initiation of second-line therapy? Results from the DISCOVER study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021 Oct;23(10):2336-2343. doi: 10.1111/dom.14476. Epub 2021 Aug 2. PMID: 34212481.
  • Cadime. Algoritmo de tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Abril 2024. Disponible en: https://www.cadime.es/images/documentos_archivos_web/ALGORITMOS/2024/CADIME_ALGORITMO_DM2_2024.pdf
  • Catsalut. Servei Català de la Salut. Pautes per a l'harmonització del tractament farmacològic de la diabetes mellitus tipus 2. Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament de Salut; 2019. Disponible en: https://catsalut.gencat.cat/web/.content/minisite/catsalut/proveidors_professionals/medicaments_farmacia/harmonitzacio/pautes/diabetis-mellitus-tipus2/pauta-harmonitzacio-diabetis-mellitus-tipus2.pdf.
  • Chan SP, Colagiuri S. Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de la eficacia y la seguridad hipoglucémica de gliclazida frente a otros agentes insulinotrópicos. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2015; 110 : 75–81.
  • Davies MJ, D'Alessio DA, Fradkin J, Kernan W,, Mathieu C, Mingrone G, et al. Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2018. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia (2018). Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-018-4729-5.
  • Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, Gabbay RA, Green J, Maruthur NM et al. Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2022. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. [Internet]. 2022; 45(11):2753–86. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2337/dci22-0034.
  • European Medicines Agency's scientific guidelines on biosimilar medicines. Disponible en: http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/regulation/general/general_content_000408.jsp.
  • Halpern SD, Harhay MO, Saulsgiver K, Brophy C, Troxel AB, Volpp KG. A pragmatic trial of e-cigarettes, incentives, and drugs for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 2018;378:2302–2310.
  • Hemmingsen B, Gimenez‐Perez G, Mauricio D, Roqué i Figuls M, Metzendorf MI, Richter B. Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD003054. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003054.pub4.
  • Hemmingsen B, Sonne DP, Metzendorf MI, Richter B. Dipeptidyl‐peptidase (DPP)‐4 inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide (GLP)‐1 analogues for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD012204. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012204.pub2.
  • INFAC. Actualización del tratamiento farmacológico de la hiperglucemia en la diabetes tipo 2. Osakidetza. Vol. 29 nº 5/2021.
  • Informe de posicionamiento terapéutico de semaglutida oral (Rybelsus®) en diabetes mellitus tipo 2. IPT 65/2021. Fecha publicación: 10 de enero de 2022. AEMPS. Disponible en: https://www.aemps.gob.es.
  • Invokana and Invokamet (canagliflozin): Drug Safety Communication - New Information on Bone Fracture Risk and Decreased Bone Mineral Density. FDA Drug Safety Communicatons Sept 2015.
  • Laiteerapong N, Ham SA, Gao Y, Moffet HH, Liu JY, Huang ES, et al. The Legacy Effect in Type 2 Diabetes: Impact of Early Glycemic Control on Future Complications (The Diabetes & Aging Study). Diabetes Care. 2019 Mar;42(3):416-426. doi: 10.2337/dc17-1144. Epub 2018 Aug 13. PMID: 30104301; PMCID: PMC6385699.
  • Li S, Vandvik P, Lytvyn L, Guyatt G, Palmer S, Rodriguez R, et al . SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists for adults with type 2 diabetes: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2021;373: n1091. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1091.
  • Lind M, Imberg H, Coleman RL, Nerman O, Holman RR. Historical HbA1c Values May Explain the Type 2 Diabetes Legacy Effect: UKPDS 88. Diabetes Care. 2021 Jul 7;44(10):2231-7. doi: 10.2337/dc20-2439. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34244332; PMCID: PMC8740943.
  • Lu Y, Xing P, Cai X, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetic patients from 14 countries: estimates of the INTERPRET-DD study. Front Public Health 2020;8:534372.
  • Madenidou A, Paschos P, Karagiannis T, Katsoula A, Athanasiadou E, Kitsios K, et al. Comparative Benefits and Harms of Basal Insulin Analogues for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169:165–174. doi: 10.7326/M18-0443.
  • Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, Eliaschewitz F. Jódar E, Leiter L, et al.; SUSTAIN6 Investigators. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016;375:1834–1844.
  • Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, Krisetensen P, Mann J, Berger Z, et al.; LEADER Steering Committee; LEADER Trial Investigators. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016;375: 311–322.
  • NICE Clinical Guideline 28: Type 2 diabetes in adults: management. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2022. Published: 2 December 2015. Ñast updated 29 June 2022. Disponible en: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG28.
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  • Ramos R, Comas-Cufí M, Martí-Lluch R, Balló E, Ponjoan A, Alves-Cabratosa L, et al. Statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular events and mortality in old and very old adults with and without type 2 diabetes: retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2018;362:k3359.
  • Roglic G, Norris SL. Medicines for Treatment Intensification in Type 2 Diabetes and Type of Insulin in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Low-Resource Settings: Synopsis of the World Health Organization Guidelines on Second- and Third-Line Medicines and Type of Insulin for the Control of Blood Glucose Levels in Nonpregnant Adults With Diabetes Mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Sep 18;169(6):394-397. doi: 10.7326/M18-1149. Epub 2018 Sep 4.
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  • Simpson SH, Lee J, Choi S, Vandermeer B, Abdelmoneim AS, Featherstone TR. Mortality risk among sulfonylureas: a systematuc review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015 Jan;3(1):43-51.
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  • Tesfaye S, Sloan G, Petrie J, et al.; OPTION-DM trial group Comparison of amitriptyline supplemented with pregabalin, pregabalin supplemented with amitriptyline, and duloxetine supplemented with pregabalin for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (OPTION-DM): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised crossover trial. Lancet 2022; 400:680–690.
  • The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 2 diabetes in adults: management. NICE guideline [NG28]. 2022.
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  • Tirzepatide for managing overweight and obesity. NICE guidance. Published 23 december 2024. Disponible en: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta1026.
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  • UKPDS. UK prospective study of therapies of maturity onset diabetes: I. Effect of diet, sulphonylurea, insulin or biguanide therapy on fasting glucose and bodyweight over one year. Diabetologia. 1983;24:404-11.
  • Vos RC, van Avendonk MJP, Jansen H, Goudswaard AN, van den Donk M, Gorter K, et al. Insulin monotherapy compared with the addition of oral glucose‐lowering agents to insulin for people with type 2 diabetes already on insulin therapy and inadequate glycaemic control. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD006992. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006992.pub2.
  • Wexler D. (2024). Initial management of hyperglycemia in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus En: Nathan D Ed. UpToDate. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-management-of-hyperglycemia-in-adults-with-type-2-diabetes-mellitus#H22.
  • Wiviott SD et al. Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy N Engl J Med 2019; 380:2295-2306. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1811744.
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Galactorrea. Hiperprolactinemia

  • Bromocriptina en inhibición de la lactancia: condiciones de uso. Recomendaciones del Comité para la Evaluación de Riesgos en Farmacovigilancia Europeo-PRAC. Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios. [Fecha de publicación 11 de julio de 2014].
  • Dogansen SC, Cikrikcili U, Oruk G, Kutbay NO, Tanrikulu S, Hekimsoy Z, et al. Dopamine Agonist-Induced Impulse Control Disorders in Patients With Prolactinoma: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Jul 1;104(7):2527-2534. doi: 10.1210/jc.2018-02202. PMID: 30848825.
  • Dos Santos Nunes VD, El Dib R, Boguszewski CL, Nogueira CR. Cabergolina versus bromocriptine in the treatment of hyperprolactenemia. A sistematic review controlled trials and meta-analysis. Pituitary. 2011;14:259-265. 39.
  • Drake WM, Stiles CE, Bevan JS, Karavitaki N, Trainer PJ, Rees DA, et al. A Follow-Up Study of the Prevalence of Valvular Heart Abnormalities in Hyperprolactinemic Patients Treated With Cabergoline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Nov;101(11):4189-4194. doi: 10.1210/jc.2016-2224. Epub 2016 Aug 29. PMID: 27571182.
  • Giese S, Nasi-Kordhishti I, Honegger J. Outcomes of Transsphenoidal Microsurgery for Prolactinomas - A Contemporary Series of 162 Cases. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2021 Mar;129(3):163-171. doi: 10.1055/a-1247-4908. Epub 2021 Jan 18. PMID: 33461233.
  • Guía clínica de galactorrea de Fisterra. Disponible en: https://www-fisterra-com.bvcscm.a17.csinet.es/guias-clinicas/galactorrea/.
  • Molitch ME. Endocrinology in pregnancy: management of the pregnant patient with a prolactinoma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;172(5):R205-13.
  • Montejo Al, Arango C, Bernardo M, et al. Consenso español sobre los riesgos y detección de la hiperprolactinemia iatrogénica por antipsicóticos. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental. 2016; 9-3:131-178.
  • Motazedian S, Babakhani L, Fereshtehnejad SM, Mojthahedi K. A comparison of bromocriptine & cabergoline on fertility outcome of hyperprolactinemic infertile women undergoing intrauterine insemination. Indian J Med Res. 2010 May;131:670-4.
  • Nicolás Triantafilo, Victoria Castro-Gutiérrez, Gabriel Rada. ¿Cabergolina o bromocriptina para el prolactinoma? Medwave. 2016;16(Suppl3):e6545 doi: 10.5867/medwave.2016.6545.

Hipercolesterolemia

  • Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, Biswas P, Thorpe GC, Moore HJ, Deane KHO, AlAbdulghafoor FK, Summerbell CD, Worthington HV, Song F, Hooper L. Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD003177. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub3.
  • Amarenco P, Kim JS, Labreuche J, et al. A comparison of two LDL cholesterol targets after ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(1):9. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1910355
  • Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, et al.; Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010;376:1670–1681.
  • Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 377 (2011), pp. 2181-2192.
  • Byrne P, Demasi M, Jones M, Smith S, O´Brien K, Dubroff R. Evaluating the Association Between Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Reduction and Relative and Absolute Effects of Statin Treatment. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med . 2022 Mar 14;182(5):474-81. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.0134.
  • Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, et al.; IMPROVE-IT Investigators. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2387–2397.
  • Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification NICE guideline Published: 14 December 2023. Disponible en: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng238
  • Carter AA, Gomes T, Camacho X, Juurlink DN, Shah BR, Mamdani MM. Risk of incident diabetes among patients treated with statins: population based study. BMJ. 2013;346:f2610.
  • Cederberg H, Stančáková A, Yaluri N, Modi S, Kuusisto J, Laakso M. Increased risk of diabetes with statin treatment is associated with impaired insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion: a 6 year follow-up study of the METSIM cohort. Diabetologia. 2015; 58:1109-17.
  • Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in older people: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28 randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2019; 393:407.
  • Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, et al.; CARDS investigators. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:685–69610.
  • Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R; Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:2005–2016.
  • Dormuth CR, Filion KB, Paterson JM, James MT, Teare GF, Raymond CB, et al, for the Canadian Network for Observational Drug Effect Studies (CNODES) Investigators. Higher potency statins and the risk of new diabetes: multicentre, observational study of administrative databases. BMJ. 2014;348:g3244.
  • De Vries FM, Denig P, Pouwels KB, et al. Primary prevention of major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events with statins in diabetic patients: a meta-analysis. Drugs. 72 (2012), pp. 2365-2373.
  • Erviti J. Ensayo IMPROVE-IT (ezetimiba añadida a simvastatina en el síndrome coronario agudo). Una lectura crítica. BITn 2015; 23 (5). Disponible en: https://www.navarra.es/NR/rdonlyres/A0C6366E-C35E-4DD1-9B50-C7CF5096EF8C/338711/Bit_v23n6.pdf
  • Gencer B, Marston NA, Im K, et al. Efficacy and safety of lowering LDL cholesterol in older patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2020; 396:1637.
  • Guía ESC/EAS 2019 sobre el tratamiento de las dislipemias: modificación de los lípidos para reducir el riesgo cardiovascular. Grupo de Trabajo de la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología (ESC) para la guía ESC 2019 sobre el tratamiento de las dislipidemias, revisores expertos para la guía ESC 2019 sobre el tratamiento de las dislipemias y Comité de Guías de la SEC. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2020;73(5): 403.e1–403.e70.
  • Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al., 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol, Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2018). Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.003.
  • Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:7-22.
  • Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Collins R, et al.; Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2008;371:117–125.
  • Khan SU, Khan MU, Virani SS, Shahzeb M, Zia M, Rashid M, et al. Efficacy and safety for the achievement of guideline-recommended lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022;28(18): 2001e2009. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa093
  • Knopp RH, d'Emden M, Smilde JG, et al. Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in the prevention of cardiovascular end points in subjects with type 2 diabetes: the Atorvastatin Study for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Endpoints in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (ASPEN). Diabetes Care. 2006;29: 1478-85.
  • Long-Term Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in US Adults With the Familial Hypercholesterolemia Phenotype. Circulation. 2016;134:9-19.
  • Mancini GBJ, Tashakkor AY, Baker S, Bergeron J, Fitchett D, Frohlich J, et al. Diagnosis, prevention, and management of statin adverse effects and intolerance: Canadian Working Group Consensus update. Can J Cardiol. 2013;29:1553-68.
  • Mortensen MB, Nordestgaard BG. Elevated LDL cholesterol and increased risk of myocardial infarction and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in individuals aged 70-100 years: a contemporary primary prevention cohort. Lancet. 2020; 396:1644. Mulnier HE, Seaman HE, Raleigh VS, et al. Risk of myocardial infarction in men and women with type 2 diabetes in the UK: a cohort study using the General Practice Research Database Diabetologia, 51 (2008), pp. 1639-1645.
  • NLA Task Force on Statin Safety-2014 update. J Clin Lipidol. 2014;8(3 Suppl): S1–81.
  • Orkaby AR, Driver JA, Ho YL, et al. Association of Statin Use with All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in US Veterans 75 Years and Older. JAMA 2020; 324:68.
  • Parker BA, Capizzi JA, Grimaldi AS, Clarkson PM, Cole SM, Keadle J, et al. Effect of statins on skeletal muscle function. Circulation. 2013;127:96-103.
  • Patel S, Wyne K, Afreen S, Belalcazar M, Bird M, Coles S, Marrs J, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline on Pharmacologic Management of Adults With Dyslipidemia. Endocrine Practice. 2025;31:236-62. Disponible en; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eprac.2024.09.016.
  • Pearson GJ, Thanassoulis G, Anderson TJ, Barry AR, Couture P, Dayan N, et al. 2021 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults. CJC. [Internet]. 2021;37(8):1129-50. Disponible en: https://www.onlinecjc.ca/article/S0828-282X(21)00165-3/fulltext.
  • Pignone M. Management of elevated low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. UpToDate. [Internet]. 4 de noviembre de 2021. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-elevated-low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol-ldl-c-in-primary-prevention-of-cardiovascular-disease.
  • Preiss D, Seshasai SR, Welsh P, Murphy SA, Ho JE, Waters DD, et al. Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;305(24):2556- 64.
  • Ramos R, Comas-Cufí M, Martí-Lluch R, Balló E, Ponjoan A, Alves-Cabratosa L, et al. Statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular events and mortality in old and very old adults with and without type 2 diabetes: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2018;362:k3359. Disponible en: https://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k3359.long.htm].
  • Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM, Welsh P, Buckley BM, de Craen AJ, et al. Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials. Lancet. 2010;375(9716):735-42.
  • SCORE2 working group and ESC Cardiovascular risk collaboration. SCORE2 risk prediction algorithms: new models to estimate 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in Europe. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:2439-54. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab309.
  • SCORE2-OP working group and ESC Cardiovascular risk collaboration. SCORE2-OP risk  prediction algorithms: estimating incident cardiovascular evento risk in older persons in four  geographical risk regions. Eur Heart J [Internet]. 2021;42:2455-67. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ ehab312.
  • Stone N, Robinson S. Lichtensteni R, Bairey N, Blum C, Echekl R et al. 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on  the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults q A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. JACC 2014 Jul, 63 (25_Part_B):2889–934.
  • Stroes ES, Thompson PD, Corsini A, Vladutiu GD, Raal FJ, Ray KK, et al. European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy-European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement on Assessment, Aetiology and Management. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1012-22.
  • Sugiyama T, Tsugawa Y, Tseng CH, Kobayashi Y, Shapiro MF. Different time trends of caloric and fat intake between statin users and nonusers among US adults: Gluttony in the time of statins? JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(7):1038-45.
  • Taylor F, Huffman MD, Macedo AF, et a. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;1:CD004816.
  • Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, Carballo D, Koskinas KC, Bäck M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021; 42:3227-337. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484
  • Wexler DJ. Overview of general medical care in nonpregnant adults with diabetes mellitus. UpToDate. 13 de enero de 2021. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-general-medical-care-in-nonpregnant-adults-with-diabetes-mellitus.
  • Zhou Z, Ofori-Asenso R, Curtis AJ, et al. Association of Statin Use With Disability-Free Survival and Cardiovascular Disease Among Healthy Older Adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020; 76:17.

Hipertrigliceridemia

  • Andersson C, Lyass A, Vasan RS, Massaro JM, D'Agostino RB, Robins SJ. Long-term risk of cardiovascular events across a spectrum of adverse major plasma lipid combinations in the Framingham Heart Study. Am Heart J. 2014;168:878-883.e1
  • Ascaso JF, Millán J, Hernández-Mijares A, Blasco M, Brea A, Díaz A, Mantilla T, Pedro-Botet J, Pintó X y Grupo de trabajo sobre Dislipemia Aterogénica de la SEA. Documento de consenso sobre el manejo de la dislipemia aterogénica de la Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis. Clin Invest Arterioscler. 2017; 29(2): 86-91.
  • Boekholdt SM, Arsenault BJ, Mora S, Pedersen TR, LaRosa JC, Nestel PJ, et al. Association of LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B levels with risk of cardiovascular events among patients treated with statins: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012; 307:1302-9.
  • Brugts J, Yetgin T, Gotto A. Et al. The benefits of statins in people without established cardiovascular disease but with cardiovascular risk factors: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2009;338:b2376.
  • Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Disponible en: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg181/chapter/1-Recommendations#lipid-modification-therapy-for-the-primary-and-secondary-prevention-of-cvd-2.
  • Ficha técnica de gemfibrocilo. Disponible en: https://www.aemps.gob.es/cima/pdfs/es/ft/63763/FT_63763.pdf.
  • Ficha técnica de fenofibrato. Disponible en: https://www.aemps.gob.es/cima/pdfs/es/ft/69368/FT_69368.pdf.
  • Guía ESC/EAS 2016 sobre el tratamiento de las dislipemias. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2017;70:115.e1-115.e6410.1016/j.recesp.2016.11.052.
  • Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 21018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.003.
  • Jun M, Foote C, Lv J. Et al. Effects of fibrates on cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010;375:1875-8.
  • Linares C, Pelletier A, Czernichow S. Et al. Acute Pancreatitis in a cohort of 129 Patientes Referred for Severe hypertriglyceridemia. Pancreas. 2008;37:13-8.
  • Murad M, Hazem A, Coto-Yglesias F. Et al. The association of hypertriglyceridemiawith cardiovascular events and pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocrine Disorders. 2012;12:2
  • Oh R, Lanier J. Management of Hypertriglyceridemia. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75:1365-71.
  • Sandhu S, Al-Sarraf A, Taraboanta C. Et al. Incidence of pancreatitis, secondary causes, and treatment of patients referred to a specialty lipid clinic with severe hypertriglyceridemia: a retrospective cohort study. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2011;10:157-64.
  • Scott R, OBrien R, Fulcher G, et al. Effects of fenofibrato treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in 9,795 individuals with type 2 diabetes and various components of the metabolic syndrome: the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:493-8.
    The ACCORD Study Group. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1563-74.
  • The FIELD study investigators. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1849-61.
  • Valdivieso P, Sanchez-Chaparro MA, Calvo-Bonacho E. Et al. Association of moderate and severe hypertrigluceridemia with obesity, diabetes mellitus and vascular disease in the Spanish working population: Results of the ICARIA study. Atherosclerosis 207 (2009) 573-8.
  • Valensi P, Avignon A, Sultan A, Chanu B, Nguyen MT, Cosson E. Atherogenic dyslipidemia and risk of silent coronary artery disease in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2016; 15(1):104.
  • Wang D, Liu B, Tao W, Hao Z, Liu M. Fibrates for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD009580. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009580.pub2.

Obesidad

  • Alkhezi OS, Alahmed AA, Alfayez OM, Alzuman O, Almutairi A, Almohammed O. Comparative effectiveness of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the management of obesity in adults without diabetes: A network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Obes Rev. 2023; 24:e13543.
  • Análogos del CLP-1 para perder peso. ¿Conocemos sus riesgos? Butlletí de Farmacovigilància de Catalunya. Vol 21 (3). Mayo-junio 2023. Disponible en: https://scientiasalut.gencat.cat/bitstream/handle/11351/10155/BFV_2013_21_03_cas.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y.
  • Arana S, Bartolomé C. Agonistas del receptor del péptido similar al glucagón tipo 1 (aGLP1) y el problema de la obesidad. Bol Inf Farmacoter Navar. 2023;31 (4):1-20. Disponible en: https://www.navarra.es/NR/rdonlyres/7B69BA21-8244-43AA-81D0-5084D681CF73/491523/Bit_v31n6.pdf
  • Aronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, Bays HE, Wharton S, Lin WY, et al.; SURMOUNT-4 Investigators. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024 Jan 2;331(1):38-48. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.24945.
  • Bezin J, Gouverneur A, Pénichon M, Mathieu C, Garrel R, Hillaire-Buys D, et al. GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer. Diabetes Care. 2023; 46 (2): 384-390.
  • Butler J, Shah SJ, Petrie MC, Borlaug BA, Abildstrøm SZ, Davies MJ, et al; STEP-HFpEF Trial Committees and Investigators. Semaglutide versus placebo in people with obesity-related heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a pooled analysis of the STEP-HFpEF and STEP-HFpEF DM randomised trials. Lancet. 2024 Apr 27;403(10437):1635-1648.
  • Colhoun HM, Lingvay I, Brown PM, et al. Long-term kidney outcomes of semaglutide in obesity and cardiovascular disease in the SELECT trial. Nat Med 2024; 30:2058.
  • Córdoba García R, Camarelles Guillem F, Muñoz Seco E et al. Recomendaciones sobre el estilo de vida. Actualización PAPPS 2022. Aten Primaria. 2022;54:102444.
  • Delgado-Lista J, Alcala-Diaz JF, Torres-Pena JD, Quintana Navarro GM, Fuentes F, Garcia-Rios A, et al. Long-term secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet and a low-fat diet (CORDIOPREV): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2022;399:1876-85.
  • Drucker D. Efficacy and Safety of GLP-1 Medicines for Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(00):1-16. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2337/dci24-0003.
  • Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021; 385:503.
  • Garvey WT, Batterham RL, Bhatta M, et al. Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP-5 trial. Nat Med. 2022;28(10):2083-2091. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41591-022-02026-4 
  • Informe de posicionamiento terapéutico. IPT-305/V1/19082024. Informe de Posicionamiento Terapéutico de tirzepatida (Mounjaro®) como complemento a una dieta baja en calorías y un aumento de la actividad física para el control de peso, incluida la pérdida y el mantenimiento del peso, en adultos con obesidad, o sobrepeso y comorbilidades asociadas. 2024. Disponible en: https://www.aemps.gob.es/medicamentosUsoHumano/informesPublicos/docs/2024/IPT-305-Mounjaro-tirzepatida.pdf.https://www.aemps.gob.es/medicamentosUsoHumano/informesPublicos/docs/2023/IPT-184-Mounjaro-tirzepatida-diabetes.pdf
  • Informe de posicionamiento terapéutico IPT-184/V1/16102023/V2/03022025. Informe de posicionamiento Terapéutico de tirzepatida (Mounjaro®) en diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Fecha actualización 03 febrero de 2025. Disponible en: https://www.aemps.gob.es/medicamentosUsoHumano/informesPublicos/docs/2023/IPT-184-Mounjaro-tirzepatida-diabetes.pdf.
  • Informe de posicionamiento terapéutico. IPT-148/V1/25082023. Informe de Posicionamiento Terapéutico de semaglutida (Wegovy®) como complemento a una dieta baja en calorías y un aumento de la actividad física para el control de peso, incluida la pérdida y el mantenimiento del peso, en adultos con obesidad, o sobrepeso y comorbilidades asociada. 2023. Disponible en: https://www.aemps.gob.es/medicamentosUsoHumano/informesPublicos/docs/2023/IPT-148-Wegovy-semaglutida.pdf.
  • Ingelfinger JR, Rosen CJ. STEP 1 for Effective Weight Control - Another First Step? N Engl J Med. 2021; 384:1066.
  • Fármacos para la obesidad. INFAC. 2023;31(5):46-59. Disponible en: https://www.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/cevime_infac_2023/es_def/adjuntos/Boleti-n-INFAC_Vol_31_5_Obesidad.pdf. 
  • Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, Wharton S, Connery L, Alves B, et al.; SURMOUNT-1 Investigators. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jul 21;387(3):205-216.
  • Kosiborod MN, Abildstrøm SZ, Borlaug BA, Butler J, Rasmussen S, Davies M, et al; STEP-HFpEF Trial Committees and Investigators. Semaglutide in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2023 Sep 21;389(12):1069-1084.
  • Lecube A, Azriel S, Barreiro E, Blay G. Guía Española GIRO: guía española del manejo integral y multidisciplinar de la obesidad en personas adultas. (2024). Disponible en: https://semfyc.es/storage/scientific_evidence/resources/Guia%20GIRO_240305_082333.pdf.
  • Liu Y, Ruan B, Jiang H, et al. The Weight-loss Effect of GLP-1RAs Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Non-diabetic Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023; 118:614.
  • Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, Deanfield J, Emerson SS, Esbjerg S, et al.; SELECT Trial Investigators. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2023 Dec 14;389(24):2221-2232.
  • Marques-Vidal P. Comparison of lifestyle changes and pharmacological treatment on cardiovascular risk factors. Heart. 2020 Jun;106(11):852-862.
  • Orozco D, Brotons C, Banegas JR, Gil V, Cebrián A, Martín E et al. Recomendaciones preventivas cardiovasculares. Actualización PAPPS 2022. Aten Primaria. 2022;54:102444.
  • Perreault L, Davies M, Frias JP, Laursen PN, Lingvay I, Machineni S, et al. Changes in Glucose Metabolism and Glycemic Status With Once-Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide 2.4 mg Among Participants With Prediabetes in the STEP Program. Diabetes Care. 2022 Oct 1;45(10):2396-2405. doi: 10.2337/dc21-1785. PMID: 35724304; PMCID: PMC9862484.
  • Rodríguez PJ, Goodwin BM, Gratzl S, Brar R, Baker C, Gluckman TJ, et al. Semaglutide vs Tirzepatide for Weight Loss in Adults With Overweight or Obesity. JAMA Intern Med. 2024 Sep 1;184(9):1056-1064.
  • Rubino D, Abrahamsson N, Davies M, Hesse D, Greenway F, Jensen C et al. Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021; 325(14):1414-25. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.3224.
  • Rubino DM, Greenway FL, Khalid U, O'Neil PM, Rosenstock J, Sørrig R, et al; STEP 8 Investigators. Effect of Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Daily Liraglutide on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity Without Diabetes: The STEP 8 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022 Jan 11;327(2):138-150.
  • Serralde AE, Gonzalez AG, Rodríguez Y, Meléndez G. Fluoxetina para adultos con sobrepeso u obesidad. Base de datos Cochrane de revisiones sistemáticas 2019, número 10. Art. No .: CD011688. doi: 10.1002 / 14651858.CD011688.pub2.
  • Verma S, Bhatta M, Davies M, Deanfield JE, Garvey WT, Jensen C, et al. (2023). Effects of once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg on C-reactive protein in adults with overweight or obesity (STEP 1, 2, and 3): Exploratory analyses of three randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials. EClinicalMedicine, 55.
  • Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, Carballo D, Koskinas KC, Bäck M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021; 42:3227-337.
  • Wadden TA, Chao AM, Machineni S, Kushner R, Ard J, Srivastava G, Halpern B, et al. Author Correction: Tirzepatide after intensive lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight or obesity: the SURMOUNT-3 phase 3 trial. Nat Med. 2024 Jun;30(6):1784. doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-02883-1. Erratum for: Nat Med. 2023 Nov;29(11):2909-2918.
  • Wadden TA, Bailey TS, Billings LK, Davies M, Frias JP, Koroleva A, et al; STEP 3 Investigators. Effect of Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo as an Adjunct to Intensive Behavioral Therapy on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021 Apr 13;325(14):1403-1413
  • Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, Davies M, Van Gaal L, Lingvay I, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:989.

Tiroides. Bocio simple

  • Biondi B, Cappola AR. Subclinical hypothyroidism in older individuals. The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology. [Internet]. 2022;10 (2):129-41. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34953533/.
  • Chen AY, Bernet VJ, Carty SE, et al. American Thyroid Association statement on optimal surgical management of goiter. Thyroid. 2014; 24:181.
  • Cirocchi R, Trastulli S, Randolph J, Guarino S, Di Rocco G, Arezzo A, et al. Total or near‐total thyroidectomy versus subtotal thyroidectomy for multinodular non‐toxic goitre in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 8. Art. No.: CD010370. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010370.pub2.
  • Garber J, Papini E, Frasoldati A, Lupo M, Harrell R, Parangi S et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology And Associazione Medici Endocrinologi Thyroid Nodule Algorithmic Tool. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2021; 21(11): 2104-15.
  • Gharib H, Papini E, Garber JR, Duick DS, Harrell RM, Hegedüs L, Paschke R, Valcavi R, Vitti P; AACE/ACE/AME Task Force on Thyroid Nodules. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College Of Endocrinology, And Associazione Medici Endocrinologi Medical Guidelines For Clinical Practice For The Diagnosis And Management Of Thyroid Nodules--2016 UPDATE. Endocr Pract. 2016 May;22(5):622-3.
  • Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, Doherty GM, Mandel SJ, Nikiforov YE, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2016 Jan;26(1):1-133.

Tiroides. Hipertiroidismo

  • American Geriatrics Society 2019 Updated AGS Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults By the 2019 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel.
  • Biondi B, Bartalena L, Cooper DS et al (2015) The 2015 European Thyroid Association guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J. 4(3):149-163.
  • Brito JP, Payne S, Singh Ospina N, et al. Patterns of Use, Efficacy, and Safety of Treatment Options for Patients with Graves' Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. Thyroid. 2020; 30:357.
  • Liu ZW, Masterson L, Fish B, Jani P, Chatterjee K. Thyroid surgery for Graves’ disease and Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD010576. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010576.pub2.
  • Ma C, Xie J, Wang H, Li J, Chen S. Radioiodine therapy versus antithyroid medications for Graves' disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD010094. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010094.pub2.
  • NICE. Thyroid disease: assessment and management. [Internet]. NICE guideline; 2019. Disponible en: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng145.
  • Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Greenlee MC, Laurberg P, Maia AL, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 2016;26(10):1343-421. PubMed PMID: 27521067.
  • Sjölin G, Holmberg M, Törring O, et al. The Long-Term Outcome of Treatment for Graves' Hyperthyroidism. Thyroid. 2019; 29:1545.

Tiroides. Hipotiroidismo primario

  • Alexander EK, Pearce EN, Brent GA, et al. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum. Thyroid. 2017; 27:315.
  • Evron JM, Hummel SL, Reyes-Gastelum D, et al. Association of Thyroid Hormone Treatment Intensity With Cardiovascular Mortality Among US Veterans. JAMA Netw Open. 2022; 5:e2211863.
  • Feller M, Snel M, Moutzouri E, et al. Association of thyroid hormone therapy with quality of life and thyroid-related symptoms in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2018;320:1349-59. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.13770. MPID: 30285179.
  • Gavigan C, Abbey EJ, McGready J, et al. Levothyroxine Dosing in Older Adults: Recommendations Derived From The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Endocr Pract. 2023; 29:612.
  • Grossman A, Weiss A, Koren-Morag N, et al. Subclinical Thyroid Disease and Mortality in the Elderly: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Am J Med. 2016; 129:423.
  • Jabbar A, Ingoe L, Junejo S, et al. Effect of Levothyroxine on Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Patients With Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;324(3):249-58. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.9389.
  • Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Bauer AJ, Burman KD, Cappola AR, Celi FS, et al. Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: prepared by the American Thyroid Association task force on thyroid hormone replacement. Thyroid. 2014;24(12):1670.
  • Mooijaart SP, Du Puy RS, Stott DJ, Kearney PM, Rodondi N, Westendorp RGJ, et al. Association Between Levothyroxine Treatment and Thyroid-Related Symptoms Among Adults Aged 80 Years and Older With Subclinical Hypothyroidism. JAMA. 2019;322(20):1-11. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.17274. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 31664429; PMCID: PMC6822162.
  • Pang X, Pu T, Xu L, Sun R. Effect of l-thyroxine administration before breakfast vs at bedtime on hypothyroidism: A meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2020; 92:475.
  • Stott DJ, Rodondi N, Kearney PM, et al., TRUST Study Group. Thyroid hormone therapy for older adults with subclinical hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:2534-44. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1603825. PMID: 28402245.
  • Thyroid hormones treatment for subclinical hypothyroidism: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2019;365:l2006. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l2006.
  • Wilson SA, Stem LA, Bruehlman RD. Hypothyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2021;103(10):605-613.

Tiroides. Tiroiditis de Hashimoto

  • Biondi B, Bartalena L, Chiovato L. et al. Recommendations for treatment of hypothyroidism with levothyroxine and levotriiodothyronine: a 2016 position statement of the Italian Society of Endocrinology and the Italian Thyroid Association. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016;39:1465. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-016-0511-z.
  • Biondi B, Bartalena L, Cooper DS et al (2015) The 2015 European Thyroid Association guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J. 4(3):149–163.
  • Chiu HH, Larrazabal R Jr, Uy AB, Jimeno C. Weekly Versus Daily Levothyroxine Tablet Replacement in Adults with Hypothyroidism: A Meta-Analysis. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc. 2021; 36:156.
  • Evron JM, Hummel SL, Reyes-Gastelum D, et al. Association of Thyroid Hormone Treatment Intensity With Cardiovascular Mortality Among US Veterans. JAMA Netw Open. 2022; 5: e2211863.
  • Gavigan C, Abbey EJ, McGready J, et al. Levothyroxine Dosing in Older Adults: Recommendations Derived From The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Endocr Pract. 2023; 29:612.
  • Martinez Quintero B, Yazbeck C, Sweeney LB. Thyroiditis: Evaluation and Treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2021 Dec 1;104(6):609-617. PMID: 34913664.
  • Pang X, Pu T, Xu L, Sun R. Effect of l-thyroxine administration before breakfast vs at bedtime on hypothyroidism: A meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2020; 92:475.

Tiroides. Tiroiditis subaguda de De Quervain

  • American Geriatrics Society 2019 Updated AGS Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults By the 2019 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel.
  • Duan L, Feng X, Zhang R, Tan X, Xiang X, Shen R, Zheng H. Short-Term Versus 6-Week Prednisone In The Treatment Of Subacute Thyroiditis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Endocr Pract. 2020 Aug;26(8):900-908. doi: 10.4158/EP-2020-0096. PMID: 33471681
  • Martinez Quintero B, Yazbeck C, Sweeney LB. Thyroiditis: Evaluation and Treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2021 Dec 1;104(6):609-617. PMID: 34913664.
  • Ray I, D'Souza B, Sarker P, Agarwal P. Management of Subacute Thyroiditis - A Systematic Review of Current Treatment Protocols. Int J Gen Med. 2022; 15:6425.
  • Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Greenlee MC, Laurberg P, Maia AL, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 2016 Oct;26(10):1343-1421. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0229. Erratum in: Thyroid. 2017 Nov;27(11):1462. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0229.correx. Erratum in: Thyroid. 2025 Sep;35(9):1097. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0229.correx2. PMID: 27521067.