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Problemas de la piel

Absceso cutáneo

Acné grados I, II y III

  • Cao H, Yang G, Wang Y, Liu JP, Smith CA, Luo H, Liu Y. Complementary therapies for acne vulgaris. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan 19;1:CD009436. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009436.pub2.
  • Eady EA, Gloor M, Leyden JJ. Propionibacterium acnes resistance: a worldwide problem. Dermatology 2003;206(1):54-6.
  • Galván JI, Fernández R, Laza JM, Cunliffe WJ. Resistencia antibiótica del Propionibacterium acnes en pacientes tratados por acné vulgar en Málaga. Actas Dermosifilogr 2002;93(4):271-5.
  • Gollnick H, Cunliffe W. Management of acne. A report from a Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acné. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49:1-38.
  • Graber E. Acne vulgaris: Overview of management. UptoDate. [Consultado 30-8-2024]. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acne-vulgaris-overview-of-management?search=acne&source=search_result&selectedTitle=3%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H2353829273
  • Kim JE, Park AY, Lee SY, Park YL, Whang KU, Kim HJ. Comparison of the Efficacy of Azithromycin Versus Doxycycline in Acne Vulgaris: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Ann Dermatol. 2018 Aug; 30 (4) :
    417-426. https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2018.30.4.417
    McManus P. Don’t use minocycline as first line oral antibiotic in acne. BMJ 2007;334;154.
  • Ross JI, Snelling AM, Carnegie E, Coates P, Cunliffe WJ, Bettoli V, et al. Antibiotic-resistant acne: lessons from Europe. Br J Dermatol 2003;148(3):467-78.
  • Strauss JS, Krowchuk DP, Leyden JL, Lucky AW, Shalita AR, Siegfried EC, et al. Guidelines of care for acne vulgaris management. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:651-63.
  • Thielitz A, Sidou F, Gollnick H. Control of microcomedone formation throughout a maintenance treatment with adapalene gel, 0,1%. JEADV 2007;21:747-53.
  • Zouboulis CC, Bettoli V. Management of severe acne. Br J Dermatol. 2015 Jul;172 Suppl 1:27-36. doi: 10.1111/bjd.13639.
  • Zuuren EY. Acne. DynaMed. [Consultado 30-8-2024]. Disponible en: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/acne

Alopecia androgénica. Alopecia areata. Efluvio telógeno

  • Adil A, Godwin M.The effectiveness of treatments for androgenetic alopecia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017 Jul;77(1):136-141.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.054. Epub 2017 Apr 7.
  • Bergfeld W. Telogen effluvium. UpToDate. [Consultado 1-9-2024]. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/telogen-effluvium
  • Giordano S, Romeo M, Lankinen P. Platelet-rich plasma for androgenetic alopecia: Does it work? Evidence from meta analysis. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2017 Sep;16(3):374-381. doi: 10.1111/jocd.12331. Epub 2017 Mar 13.
  • Kuldeep C, Singhal H, Khare AK, Mittal A, Gupta LK, Garg A. Randomized comparison of topical betamethasone valerate foam, intralesional triamcinolone acetonide and tacrolimus ointment in management of localized alopecia areata. Int J Trichology. 2011 Jan;3(1):20-4.
  • Mella JM, Perret MC, Manzotti M, Catalano HN, Guyatt G. Efficacy and safety of finasteride therapy for androgenetic alopecia: a systematic review. Arch Dermatol. 2010 Oct;146(10):1141-50. doi: 10.1001/archdermatol.2010.256.
  • McMichael A. Female pattern hair loss (androgenetic alopecia in females): Management. UpToDate. [Consultado 30-8-2024]. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/female-pattern-hair-loss-androgenetic-alopecia-in-females-management?search=alopecia%20androg%C3%A9nica&topicRef=15679&source=see_link
  • Messenger AG, McKillop J, Farrant P, McDonagh AJ, Sladden M. British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of alopecia areata 2012. Br J Dermatol. 2012 May;166(5):916-26.
  • Olsen EA, Dunlap FE, Funicella T, Koperski JA Swinehart JM, Tschen EH, Trancik RJ. A randomized clinical trial of 5% topical minoxidil versus 2% topical minoxidil and placebo in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002 Sep;47(3):377-85.
  • Olsen EA, Whiting D, Bergfeld W, MillerJ, Hordinsky M, Wanser R, et al. A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of a novel formulation of 5% minoxidil topical foam versus placebo in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:767-74.
  • Price VH, Menefee E, Sánchez M, Kaufman KD. Changes in hair weight in men with androgenetic alopecia after treatment with finasteride (1 mg daily): Three- and 4-year results. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:71-4.
  • Prodigy Guidance. Alopecia areata. [Actualizado May 2006; consulta realizada en Abr 2008]. Disponible en: http://www.prodigy.nhs.uk/alopecia/view_whole_guidance.
  • Rossi A. Female Patter Hair Loss. DynaMed. [Consultado 30-8-2024]. Disponible en: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/female-pattern-hair-loss/about
  • Springer K, Brown M, Stulberg DL. Common hair loss disorders. Am Fam Physician 2003;68:93-102.
  • Thiedke CC. Alopecia in Women. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67:1007-14.
  • Van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Schoones J. Interventions for female pattern hair loss. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 26;(5):CD007628. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007628.pub4.
  • Wasserman D, Guzmán-Sánchez DA, Scott K, McMichael A. Alopecia areata. Int J Dermatol 2007;46:121–31.

Celulitis aguda

  • Martín Rodríguez J. Dynamed. [Consultado 30-8-2024, disponible en https://www.dynamed.com/condition/cellulitis
  • Kilburn S, Featherstone P, Higgins B, Brindle R. Intervenciones para la celulitis y la erisipela. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010 Issue 6. Art. No.: CD004299. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004299.
  • Lee RA. Short-course antibiotics for common infections: what do we know and where do we go from here? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2023 Feb;29(2):150-9.

Condiloma acuminado. Verrugas genitales

Dermatitis atópica

  • Hanifin JM, Cooper KD, Ho VC, Kang S, Krafchik BR, Margolis DJ, et al. Guidelines of care for atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004 Mar;50(3):391-404.
  • Levy ML. Atopic dermatitis: understanding the disease and its management. Curr Med Res Opin 2007;23(12):3091-103.
  • Lewis-Jones S, Mugglestone MA. Management of atopic eczema in children aged. BMJ 2007;335;1263-4.
  • Paller AS. UptoDate. [Consultado 1-9-2024]. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-atopic-dermatitis-eczema?search=dermatitis%20atopica%20adulto&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1
  • Reitamo S, Rustin M, Harper J, Kalimo K, Rubins A, Cambazard F, et al. A 4-year follow-up study of atopic dermatitis therapy with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment in children and adult patients. Br J Dermatol. 2008 Sep;159(4):942-51.
  • Thaci D, Reitamo S, González Ensenat MA, Moss C, Boccaletti V, Cainelli T, et al. Proactive disease management with 0.03% tacrolimus ointment for children with atopic dermatitis: results of a randomized, multicentre, comparative study. Br J Dermatol. 2008 Dec;159(6):1348-56.
  • Van Zuuren EJ. Emollients and moisturisers for eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;2(2):CD012119
  • Wollenberg A, Sidhu MK, Odeyemi I, Dorsch B, Koehne-Volland R, Schaff M, et al. Economic evaluation of maintenance treatment with tacrolimus 0.1% ointment in adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2008 Dec;159(6):1322-30.

Dermatitis de contacto

  • Saary J, Qureshi R, Palda V, Desoven J, Pratt M, Skotnicki-Grant S, et al. A systematic review of contact dermatitis treatment and prevention. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;53:845-55.

Dermatitis del pañal

Dermatitis seborreica

Dermatomicosis. Candidiasis interdigital. Intertrigo candidiásico

Dematomicosis. Onicomicosis

Dermatomicosis. Pitiriasis versicolor

Dermatomicosis. Tiñas

Dishidrosis

Erisipela

  • Del Pozo Menéndez B, Villamor Martín R, Hernández Merino A. Escarlatina (v.1/2011). Guía-ABE. Infecciones en Pediatría. Guía rápida para la selección del tratamiento antimicrobiano empírico.
  • Guillén Martín S, Ruiz Jiménez M, Prieto Tato LM, y cols. Enfermedades exantemáticas. En: Manrique I, Saavedra J, Gómez Campderá JA, y cols. Guía de tratamiento de las enfermedades infecciosas en urgencias pediátricas. Madrid: Drug Farma SL; 2010. p. 615-25.
  • Hepburn MJ, Dooley DP, Skidmore PJ, Ellis MW, Starnes WF, Hasewinkle WC. Comparison of short-course (5 days) and standard (10 days) treatment for uncomplicated cellulitis. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Aug 9-23;164(15):1669-74. doi: 10.1001/archinte.164.15.1669. PMID: 15302637.
  • Piñeiro Pérez R, Hijano Bandera F, Álvez González F, Fernández Landaluce A, Silva Rico JC, Pérez Cánovas C, et al. Documento de consenso sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la faringoamigdalitis aguda. An Pediatr (Barc). 2011;75(5):342.e1-342.e13.
  • Ridzon R. Erysipelas. DynaMed. [Consultado 1-9-2024]. Disponible en: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/erysipelas
  • Ruiz-Aragón J, Rodríguez López R, Molina Linde JM. Evaluación de los métodos rápidos para la detección de Streptococcus pyogenes. Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis. An Pediatr (Barc). 2010;72:391-402.
  • Spelman D, Baddour LM. Acute cellulitis and erysipelas in adults: Treatment. UpToDate. [Consultado 1-9-2024]. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-cellulitis-and-erysipelas-in-adults-treatment
  • Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Dellinger EP, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):147-59. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu296. Epub2014 Jun 18. PMID: 24947530.

Erispeloide

Eritema nodoso

  • Kroshisnsky. D. Erythema nodosum. UptoDate. [Consultado 1-9-2024]. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/erythema-nodosum
  • Requena L, Yus ES. Erythema nodosum. Dermatol Clin. 2008 Oct;26(4):425-38, v.
  • Schwartz RA, Nervi SJ. Erythema nodosum: a sign of systemic disease. Am Fam Physician 2007;75:695-700.

Eritema pernio (sabañones)

  • Al‐Sudany NK. Treatment of primary perniosis with oral pentoxifylline (a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized therapeutic trial). Dermatologic Therapy. 2016;29(4):263-8. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dth.12350
  • Baker JS, Miranpuri S. Perniosis A Case Report with Literature Review. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2016;106:138-40.
  • Bielsa Marsol I. Perniosis. Semin Fund Esp Reumatol. 2012;13:55-61. Disponible en: http://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-seminarios-fundacion-espanola-reumatologia-274-articulo-perniosis-S1577356611001187
  • Elpern DJ. Chilblains. DynaMed. [Consultado 1-9-2024]. Disponible en: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/chilblains
  • Kroshinsky D. Pernio (chilblains). UptoDate. [Consultado 1-9-2024]. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pernio-chilblains
  • Nyssen A, Benhadou F, Magnée M, André J, Koopmansch C, Wautrecht JC. Chilblains. Vasa. 2020;49(2):133-40.
  • Patra AK, Ramadasan DP. Diltiazem vs. nifedipine in chilblains: A clinical trial. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2003;69:209-11.
  • Perniosis y su abordaje desde el punto de vista preventivo en Atención Primaria. Med fam Andal. 2017;18(2).
  • Reynier-Rezzi J. Eritema pernio. EMC - Podol. 2014;16(1):1-4.
  • Rustin MH, Newton JA, Smith NP, Dowd PM. The treatment of chilblains with nifedipine: The results of a pilot study, a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study and a long-term open trial. Br J Dermatol. 1989;120:267-75.
  • Sánchez Llanos P, Blasco García B, Sánchez Hernández C. Diferentes formas de presentación de la perniosis [Internet].FML0 2016;20(12):5p. [Consultado 2-06-2020]. Disponible en: https://sovamfic.net/diferentes-formas-de-presentacion-de-la-perniosis/
  • Souwer I, Bor J, Smits P, Lagro-Janssen A. Assessing the effectiveness of topical betamethasone to treat chronic chilblains: A randomised clinical trial in primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 2017;67(656):e187-e193.
  • Souwer IH, Bor JH, Smits P, Lagro-Janssen AL. Nifedipine vs Placebo for Treatment of Chronic Chilblains: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Fam Med. 2016 Sep;14(5):453-9. doi: 10.1370/afm.1966.
  • Souwer IH, Smaal D, Bor JHJ, Knoers N, Lagro-Janssen ALM. Phenotypic familial aggregation in chronic chilblains. Fam Pract. 2016;33:461-5. Disponible en: https://academic.oup.com/fampra/article/33/5/461/2197632
  • Tobón MX, Rodríguez G. Eritema pernio: una enfermedad misteriosa. Rev CES Med. 2013;27(1):113-26.
  • Verma P. Topical Nitroglycerine in Perniosis/Chilblains. Skinmed. 2015;13:176-7.
  • Wasan EK, Zhao J, Poteet J, Mohammed MA, Syeda J, Orlowski T, et al. Development of a UV-Stabilized Topical Formulation of Nifedipine for the Treatment of Raynaud Phenomenon and Chilblains. Pharmaceutics. 2019;11(11):594. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6920966/
  • Whitman PA, Crane JS. Pernio (Chilblains) [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2019 [consultado 11-02-2020]. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549842/

Eritema solar

Eritrasma

Estrías en mamas y piel

  • Habib SM. Striae Distensae. DynaMed. [Consultado 1-9-2024]. Disponible en: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/striae-distensae
  • Tunzi M, Gray GR. Common skin conditions during pregnancy. Am Fam Physician 2007;75:211-8.
  • Yosipovitch G, DeVore A, Dawn A. Obesity and the skin: Skin physiology and skin manifestations of obesity. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:901-16.

Foliculitis

Fotodermatosis o dermatosis fotoinducidas

  • Lecha M. Idiopathic photodermatoses: clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001;15(6):499-504.
  • Stratigos AJ, Antoniou C, Katsambas AD. Polymorphous light eruption. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2002;16(3):193-206.

Herpes

Herpes zóster

  • Dworkin RH, O’Connor AB, Backonja M, Farrar JT, Finnerup NB, Jensen TS, et al. Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: Evidence-based recommendations. Pain 2007;132:237–51.
  • Dworkin RH, Barbano RL, Tyring SK, Betts RF, McDermott MP, Pennella-Vaughan J, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of oxycodone and of gabapentin for acute pain in herpes zoster. Pain 2009;142(3):209-17.
  • Gross G, Schöfer H, Wassilew S, Friese K, Timm A, Guthoff R. Herpes zoster guideline of the German Dermatology Society (DDG). J Clin Virol 2003;26:277-89.
  • Gupta R, Warren T, Wald A. Genital herpes. Lancet 2007;370:2127–37.
  • KhaliqW, Alam S, Puri N. Topical lidocaine for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(2):CD004846.
  • Opstelten W, Eekhof J, Neven AK, Verheij T. Treatment of herpes zoster. Can Fam Physician 2008;54:373-7.
  • Tyring SK. Management of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:S136-42.
  • Vicente D, Cilla G, Pérez-Trallero E. Tratamiento del herpes zoster. Inf Ter Sist Nac Salud 2003;27:81-9.
  • Wilhelmus KR. Interventions for herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(3):CD002898.

Herpes genital

  • Albrecht MA. Treatment of genital herpes simplex virus infection. UpToDate. [Consultado 1-9-2024]. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-genital-herpes-simplex-virus-infection
  • Le Cleach L, Trinquart L, Do G, Maruani A, Lebrun-Vignes B, Ravaud P, Chosidow O. Oral antiviral therapy for prevention of genital herpes outbreaks in immunocompetent and nonpregnant patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Aug 3;(8):CD009036. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009036.pub2
  • Ridzon R. Genital Herpes. DynaMed. [Consultado 1-8-2024]. Disponible en: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/genital-herpes
  • Workowski KA, Berman S, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015.

Hidrosadenitis

  • Blok JL, van Hattem S, Jonkman MF, Horváth B. Systemic therapy with immunosuppressive agents and retinoids in hidradenitis suppurativa: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol. 2013 Feb;168(2):243-52. doi: 10.1111/bjd.12104.
  • Ingram JR. Hidradenitis suppurativa: Management. UpToDate. [Consultado 1-9-2024]. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hidradenitis-suppurativa-management
  • James A. Hidradenitis Suppurativa. DynaMed. [Consultado 1-0-2024]. Disponible en: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/hidradenitis-suppurativa
  • Martorell A, García FJ, Jiménez-Gallo D, Pascual JC, Pereyra-Rodríguez J, Salgado L, Villarrasa E. Update on Hidradenitis Suppurative (Part II): Treatment. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2015 Aug 12. pii: S0001-7310(15)00290-2. [Epub ahead of print].
  • Zouboulis CC, Desai N, Emtestam L, Hunger RE, Ioannides D, Juhász I, Lapins J, Matusiak L, Prens EP, Revuz J, Schneider-Burrus S, Szepietowski JC, van der Zee HH, Jemec GB. European S1 guideline for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa / acne inversa. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015 Apr;29(4):619-44. [Epub 2015 Jan 30].

Hiperhidrosis

  • Al-Aboud AM. Hyperhidrosis. DynaMed. [Consultado 2-9-2024]. Disponible en: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/hyperhidrosis
  • Karakoc Y, Aydemir EH, Kalkan MT. Placebo-controlled evaluation of direct electrical current administration for palmoplantar hyperhidrosis. Int J Dermatol 2004;43:503–5.
  • Ram R, Lowe NJ, Yamauchi PS. Current and emerging therapeutic modalities for hyperhidrosis, Part 1: Conservative and noninvasive treatments. Cutis 2007;79:211-7.
  • Ram R, Lowe NJ, Yamauchi PS. Current and emerging therapeutic modalities for hyperhidrosis, Part 2: Moderately invasive and invasive procedures. Cutis 2007;79:281-8.
  • Lowe NJ, Glaser DA, Eadie N, Daggett S, Kowalski JW, Lai P. Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis: a 52-week multicenter double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:604-11.
  • Smith CC, Pariser D. Primary focal hyperdrosis. UptoDate. [Consultado 2-9-2024]. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/primary-focal-hyperhidrosis?search=hiperhidrosis
  • Yokozeki H. Topical glycopyrronium tosylate in Japanese patients with primary axillary hyperhidrosis: A randomized. double-blind. vehicle-controlled study. J Dermatol. 2022 Jan;49(1):86-94.

Infecciones bacterianas de la piel

  • Baddour LM. Impetigo. UptoDate. [Consultado 2-9-2024]. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/impetigo
  • Bernard P. Management of common bacterial infections of the skin. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008 Apr;21(2):122-8.
  • Cohen PR. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections: a review of epidemiology, clinical features, management, and prevention. Int J Dermatol 2007;46:1-11.
  • Cole C, Gazewood J. Diagnosis and treatment of impetigo. Am Fam Physician 2007;75:859-64.
  • Gabillot-Carre M, Roujeau JC. Acute bacterial skin infections and cellulitis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2007:118-23.
  • Jacobs MR, Jonesb RN, Giordano PA. Oral b-lactams applied to uncomplicated infections of skin and skin structures. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;57:55S-65S.
  • Kil EH, Heymann WR, Weinberg JM. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an update for the dermatologist, Part 1: Epidemiology. Cutis 2008;81:227-33.
  • Kil EH, Heymann WR, Weinberg JM. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an update for the dermatologist, Part 2: Pathogenesis and cutaneous manifestations. Cutis 2008;81:247-54.
  • Kil EH, Heymann WR, Weinberg JM. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an update for the dermatologist, Part 3: Clinical management. Cutis 2008;81:327-35.
  • Kil EH, Heymann WR, Weinberg JM. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an update for the dermatologist, Part 4: Additional therapeutic considerations. Cutis 2008;81:343-7.
  • Koning S, Verhagen AP, van Suijlekom-Smit LWA, Morris A, Butler CC, van der Wouden JC. Interventions for impetigo. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(2):CD003261.
  • Lee YA. Impetigo. DynaMed. [Consultado 2-9-2024]. Disponible en: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/impetigo
  • Rigopoulos D, Larios G, Gregoriou S. Acute and Chronic Paronychia. Am Fam Physician 2008;77(3):339-34.
  • Soria A, Canoui-Poitrine F, Wolkenstein P, Poli F, Gabison G, Pouget F, et al. Absence of efficacy of oral isotretinoin in hidradenitis suppurativa: a retrospective study based on patients' outcome assessment. Dermatology 2009;218(2):134-5.

Liquen plano

  • Le Cleach L, Chosidow O. Clinical practice. Lichen planus. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:723-32.
  • Usatine RP, Tinitigan M. Diagnosis and treatment of lichen planus. Am Fam Physician. 2011 Jul 1;84(1):53-60.

  • Louisy A, Humbert E, Samimi M. Oral Lichen Planus: An Update on Diagnosis and Management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2023 Sep 15. doi: 10.1007/s40257-023-00814-3. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37713153.

Melasma o cloasma

  • Kang SJ, Davis SA, Feldman SR, McMichael AJ. Dyschromia in skin of color. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014;13:401.
  • King S, Campbell J, Rowe R, Daly ML, Moncrieff G, Maybury C. A systematic review to evaluate the efficacy of azelaic acid in the management of acne, rosacea, melasma and skin aging. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2023 Oct;22(10):2650-2662. doi: 10.1111/jocd.15923. Epub 2023 Aug 7. PMID: 37550898.

  • Shah S, Baskaran N, Vinay K, Bishnoi A, Parsad D, Kumaran MS. Acquired dermal macular hyperpigmentation: an overview of the recent updates. Int J Dermatol. 2023 Sep 28. doi: 10.1111/ijd.16859. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37767951.

Molluscum contagioso

  • Edwards S, Boffa MJ, Janier M, Calzavara-Pinton P, Rovati C, Salavastru CM, Rongioletti F, Wollenberg A, Butacu AI, Skerlev M, Tiplica GS. 2020 European guideline on the management of genital molluscum contagiosum. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021 Jan;35(1):17-26. doi: 10.1111/jdv.16856. Epub 2020 Sep 2. PMID: 32881110.

  • Godoy Gijón E, Fraile Alonso MC, de Unamuno Pérez P. Molluscum contagiosum: valoración terapéutica. Form Med Contin Aten Prim. 2009;16(10):627-33.

  • Hebert AA, Bhatia N, Del Rosso JQ. Molluscum Contagiosum: Epidemiology, Considerations, Treatment Options, and Therapeutic Gaps. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2023 Aug;16(8 Suppl 1):S4-S11. PMID: 37636018; PMCID: PMC10453394.

  • Lacarrubba F, Micali G, Trecarichi AC, Quattrocchi E, Monfrecola G, Verzì AE. New Developing Treatments for Molluscum Contagiosum. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2022 Dec;12(12):2669-2678. doi: 10.1007/s13555-022-00826-7. Epub 2022 Oct 14. PMID: 36239905; PMCID: PMC9674806.

  • Stulberg DL, Galgraith A. Molluscum contagiosum and warts. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67(6):1233-40.

Paroniquia

Pediculosis capitis, corporis y pubis

  • Actualización del tratamiento de la pediculosis. Infac. 2011;19:7-11.
  • Frankowski BL, Bocchini JA, Council on School Health and Committee on Infectious Diseases. Head Lice. Pediatrics. 2010;126:392-403.
  • Insect repellents. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2021 Jul 12;63(1628):108-112. PMID: 34543260.
  • Metz M, Elberskirch M, Reuter C, Liedtke L, Maurer M. Efficacy of Concentrated Heat for Treatment of Insect Bites: A Real-world Study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2023 Jun 26;103:adv11592. doi: 10.2340/actadv.v103.11592. PMID: 37358395; PMCID: PMC10309056.
  • Mumcuoglu KY, Meinking TA, Burkhart CN, Burkhart CG. Head louse infestations: the “no nit” policy and its consequences. I J Dermatol 2006;45:891–6.
  • Pericas J. La pediculosis en el niño. FMC 2003;10(9):603-10.
  • Picaduras por abejas y otros insectos. Dermatitis por orugas (o caterpillar)
  • Krau SD. Bites and stings; epidemiology and treatment (Review). Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2013;25(2):143-50.
  • León FJ, Guerrero I. Picaduras y repelentes. AMF. 2014;10(8):463-7.
  • Management of simple insect bites: where’s the evidence? Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin. 2012;50:45-8.
  • Vander Does A, Labib A, Yosipovitch G. Update on mosquito bite reaction: Itch and hypersensitivity, pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment. Front Immunol. 2022 Sep 21;13:1024559. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1024559. PMID: 36211437; PMCID: PMC9532860.

Piel seca

  • Alcántara PA. Piel seca. AMF. 2011;7(6):325-9.

Pitiriasis alba

  • Moreno-Cruz B, Torres-Álvarez B, Hernández-Blanco D, Castanedo-Cazares JP. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study comparing 0.0003% calcitriol with 0.1% tacrolimus ointments for the treatment of endemic pityriasis alba. Dermatol Res Pract. 2012;2012:303275. 
  • Chin LD, Parvinnejad N, Haber RM. Pityriasis in dermatology: an updated review. Int J Dermatol. 2021 Feb;60(2):141-158.
  • Rossi AM. Pityriasis alba. Dynamed. [Consultado 21-9-2024]. Disponible en: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/pityriases

Pitiriasis rosada de Gibert

  • Chuh AAT, Dofitas BL, Comisel GG, Reveiz L, Sharma V, Garner SE, et al. Intervenciones para la pitiriasis rosada (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2007, número 4. Oxford: Update Software Ltd. Disponible en: http://www.update-software.com

Prurito sin lesiones primarias

  • Boehlke C, Joos L, Coune B, Becker C, Meerpohl JJ, Buroh S, Hercz D, Schwarzer G, Becker G. Pharmacological interventions for pruritus in adult palliative care patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Apr 14;4(2023):CD008320. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008320.pub4. PMID: 37314034.
  • Cassano N, Tessari G, Vena GA, Girolomoni G. Chronic pruritus in the absence of specific skin disease: an update on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2010;11:399.
  • Fazio SB, Yosipovitch G. Pruritus: Overview of management. Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com
  • Raap U, Ständer S, Metz M. Pathophysiology of itch and new treatments. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;11:420.
  • Schmelz M. Itch, mediators and mechanics. J Dermatol Sci 2002;28:91-6.
  • Tuerk MJ, Koo J. A practical review and update on the management of pruritus sine materia. Cutis 2008; 82:187.
  • Yosipovitch G, Greaves MW, Schmelz M. Itch. Lancet 2003;361:690-4.

Psoriasis

  • Armstrong AW, Siegel MP, Bagel J, Boh EE, Buell M, Cooper KD, Callis Duffin K et al.From the Medical Board of the National Psoriasis Foundation: Treatment targets for plaque psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017 Feb;76(2):290-298. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.10.017. Epub 2016 Nov 28.
  • Edwards F, de Berker D. Nail psoriasis: clinical presentation and best practice recommendations. Drugs. 2009;69(17):2351-61.
  • Feldman SR, Koo JYM, Menter A, Bagel J. Decision points for the initiation of systemic treatment for psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;53:101-7.
  • Gamret AC, Price A, Fertig RM, Lev-Tov H, Nichols AJ. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapies for Psoriasis: A Systematic Review. JAMA Dermatol. 2018 Nov 1;154(11):1330-1337. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.2972. PubMed PMID: 30193251.
  • Jiaravuthisan MM, Sasseville D, Vender RB, Murphy F, Muhn CY. Psoriasis of the nail: Anatomy, pathology, clinical presentation, and a review of the literature on therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:1-27.
  • Kragballe K, Austad J, Barnes L, Bibby A, de la Brassinne M, Cambazard F, et al. A 52-week randomized safety study of a calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate two-compound product in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 2006;154:1155-60.
  • Koo J, Blum RR, Lebwohl M. A randomized, multicenter study of calcipotriene ointment and clobetasol propionate foam in the sequential treatment of localized plaque-type psoriasis: Short- and long-term outcomes. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:637-41.
  • Koo J. New developments in topical sequential therapy for psoriasis. Skin Therapy Lett 2005;10(9):1-4.
  • Mason AR, Mason J, Cork M, Dooley G, Edwards G. Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009:CD005028.
  • Menter A, Korman NJ, Elmets CA, Feldman SR, Gelfand JM, Gordon KB, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60:643-59.
  • Menter A, Griffiths CEM. Current and future management of psoriasis. Lancet 2007;370:272-84.
  • Nast A, Kopp I, Augustin M, Banditt KB, Boehncke WH, Follmann M, et al. German evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris (short version). Arch Dermatol Res 2007;299:111-38.
  • Papp K, Berth-Jones J, Kragballe K, Wozel G, de la Brassinne M. Scalp psoriasis: a review of current topical treatment options. JEADV 2007;21:1151–60.
  • SIGN. Diagnosis and management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in adults. A national clinical guideline. Disponible en: http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign121.pdf
  • Shreiber A, Friery E. Psoriasis: Update on Topical Therapy. American Family Physician, 2022;105(5):558-60.
  • Van de Kerkhof PCM, Van der Valk PGM, Swinkels OKJ, Kucharekova M, De Rie M, de Vries HJC, et al. A comparison of twice-daily calcipotriol ointment with once-daily short-contact dithranol cream therapy: a randomized controlled trial of supervised treatment of psoriasis vulgaris in a day-care setting. Br J Dermatol 2006;155:800-7.

Psoriasis del cuero cabelludo

  • Bottomley JM, Taylor RS, Ryttov J. The effectiveness of two-compound formulation calcipotriol and betamethasone dipropionate gel in the treatment of moderately severe scalp psoriasis: a systematic review of direct and indirect evidence. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011 Jan;27(1):251-68.
  • Ortonne J, Chimenti, S, Luger T, Puig L, Reid F, Trüeb RM. Scalp psoriasis: European consensus on grading and treatment algorithm. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2009; 23(12):1435-44.
  • Schlager JG, Rosumeck S, Werner RN, Jacobs A, Schmitt J, Schlager C, Nast A.Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Feb 26;2:CD009687. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009687.pub2.
  • Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Diagnosis and management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in adults. SIGN 2010. Guideline No. 121. Disponible en: http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/121/index.html
  • Warren RB, Brown BC, Griffiths CE. Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis. Drugs. 2008;68(16):2293-302.

Rosácea

  • Aksoy B, Altaykan-Hapa A, Egemen D, et al. The impact of rosacea on quality of life: effects of demographic and clinical characteristics and various treatment modalities. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163:719.
  • Del Rosso JQ. Effectiveness and safety of doxycycline 40 mg (30-mg immediate-release and 10-mg delayed-release beads) once daily as add-on therapy to existing topical regimens for the treatment of papulopustular rosacea: results from a community-based trial. Cutis. 2010;86:16-25.
  • Del Rosso JQ, Webster GF, Jackson M, Rendon M, Rich P, Torok H, et al. Two randomized phase III clinical trials evaluating anti-inflammatory dose doxycycline (40-mg doxycycline, USP capsules) administered once daily for treatment of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:791-802.
  • Elewski BE, Fleischer AB, Pariser DM. A comparison of 15% azelaic acid gel and 0,75% metronidazole gel in the topical treatment of papulopustular rosacea. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:1444-50.
  • Fuller D, Martin S. Rosacea. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2012 Jul;57(4):403-9.
  • Liu RH, Smith MK, Basta SA, Farmer ER. Azelaic acid in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:1047-52.
  • Maier LE. Managemet of rosacea. Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com
  • Van Zuuren EJ, Kramer S, Carter B, et al. Interventions for rosacea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;CD003262.

Sarna o escabiosis

  • Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health Lindane and other treatments for lice and scabies: a review of clinical effectiveness and safety. Disponible en: http://www.cadth.ca/media/pdf/l0186_treatments_for_lice_scabies_htis-2.pdf
  • Heukelbach J, Feldmeier H. Scabies. Lancet 2006;367:1767-74.
  • Mumcuoglu KY, Gilead L. Treatment of scabies infestations. Parasite 2008 Sep;15(3):248-51.
  • Oberoi S, Ahmed RS, Suke SG, Bhattacharya SN, Chakraborti A, Banerjee BD. Comparative effect of topical application of lindane and permethrin on oxidative stress parameters in adult scabies patients. Clin Biochem 2007:1321-4.
  • Strong M, Johnstone PW. Interventions for treating scabies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007;(3):CD000320.

Sicosis de la barba

  • Gutiérrez JL, Sevillano A, Martínez JL. Infecciones cut&aacutE;neas bacterianas. Boletín de uso racional del medicamento servicios de farmacia de Atención Primaria. 2007.
  • Ribera M, Fernéndez-Chico N, Casals M. Pseudofoliculitis de la barba. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2010;101:749-57.
  • Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Dellinger EP, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL, et al. Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: 2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:e10-e52.

Úlceras por presión

  • Bastida N, Crespo R, González J, Montoto MJ, Vedia C. Maneig de les úlceres per presió. Direcció clínica de l’Atenció Primària. Guies de pràctica clínica. Barcelona: Institut Català de la salud; 2002 [consulta realizada en Feb 2004]. Disponible en: www.gencat.net/ics
  • Cadime. Úlceras por presión. Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública. Boletín Terapéutico andaluz 2000;16(5). Disponible en: www.easp.es/cadime

  • DYNAMED: Pressure Injury of the Skin and Soft Tissue. Updated 25 Jul 2023

  • García J, Martín A, Herrero JV, Pomer M, Masoliver A, Lizán L. Úlceras por presión. Guías Clínicas 2004;4(7). [Actualizado Feb 2004; consulta realizada en Feb 2004]. Disponible en: www.fisterra.com/guias2.htm
  • Moore ZE, Cowman S. Repositioning for treating pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;CD006898.
  • Quick Reference Guide - European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. Disponible en: http://www.epuap.org/guidelines/Final_Quick_Treatment.pdf
  • Reddy M, Gill SS, Rochon PA. Preventing pressure ulcers: a systematic review. JAMA 2006;296:974-84.
  • Reddy M, Gill SS, Kalkar SR, et al. Treatment of pressure ulcers: a systematic review. JAMA. 2008;300:2647.

  • UPTODATE: Local care of pressure-induced skin and soft tissue injury

    Literature review current through: Sep 2023. This topic last updated: Aug 25, 2023.

  • World Union of Wound Healing Societies (WUWHS). Principios de las mejores prácticas: Exudado en las heridas y utilidad de los apósitos. Documento de consenso. London: MEP Ltd, 2007. Disponible en: http://www.wuwhs.org/datas/2_1/4/consensus_exudate_SP_FINAL.pdf

Úlceras vasculares

  • Capillas R, Castillo L, Morros C, Portas J. Maneig de les úlceres vasculars direcció clínica de l'Atenció Primària. Guies de pràctica clínica. Barcelona: Institut Català de la salut; 2004 [consulta realizada en Feb 2004]. Disponible en: www.gencat.net/ics
  • Chambers H, Dumville JC, Cullum N. Silver treatments for leg ulcers: a systematic review. Wound Rep Reg 2007;15:165-73.

  • DYNAMED. Updated 07 Feb 2022 Lower Extremity Ulcer in Adults - Approach to the Patient. Updated 26 Sep 2023. Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) of Lower Extremities

  • Jull AB, Waters J, Arroll B. Pentoxifilina para el tratamiento de la úlcera venosa de pierna (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2005, número 4. Oxford: Update Software Ltd. Disponible en: http://www.update-software.com
  • Nelson EA, Mani R, Vowden K. Intermittent pneumatic compression for treating venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Apr 16;(2)(2):CD001899.
  • O'Meara S, Cullum NA, Nelson EA. Compression for venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1)(1):CD000265.
  • RCN Institute, Centre for Evidence-Based Nursing, The Management of Patients with Chronic Venous Leg Ulcer. Recommendations for assessment, compression therapy, cleansing, debridement, dressing, contact sensitivity, training/education and quality assurance. University of York and the School of Nursing. National electronic Library for Health; Full-text Guideline Collection. [Consulta realizada en Feb 2004]. Disponible en: http://drsdesk.sghms.ac/uksearch.cfm.html
  • Capillas R, Castillo L, Morros C, Portas J. Maneig de les úlceres vasculars direcció clínica de l’Atenció Primària. Guies de pràctica clínica. Barcelona: Institut Català de la salut; 2004 [consulta realizada en Feb 2004]. Disponible en: www.gencat.net/ics
  • UPTODATE: Clinical features and diagnosis of lower extremity peripheral artery disease. Literature review current through: Sep 2023. This topic last updated: Apr 01, 2022.

Uña encarnada

  • DYNAMED. Updated 05 Oct 2023. Ingrown Toenail Management and Toenail Removal
  • Eekhof JA, van Wijk B, Knuistingh Neven A, van der Wouden JC. Interventions for ingrowing toenails. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 4:CD001541.
  • Heidelbaugh JJ, Lee H. Management of the ingrown toenail. Am Fam Physician. 2009; 79:303.
  • Nazari S. A simple and practical method in treatment of ingrown nails: splinting by flexible tube. JEADV 2006;20:1302-6.
  • Zuber TJ. Ingrown Toenail Removal. Am Fam Physician 2002;65(12):2547-50.

  • UPTODATE. Ingrown nails. Literature review current through: Sep 2023. This topic last updated: Dec 03, 2021.

Urticaria aguda y crónica. Anafilaxia. 

  • DYNAMED. Updated 24 May 2023. Chronic Urticaria.

  • Ferrer M, Jauregui I, Bartra J, Dávila I, Del Cuvillo A, Montoro J, et al. Chronic urticaria: do urticaria nonexperts implement treatment guidelines? A survey of adherence to published guidelines by nonexperts. Br J Dermatol. 2008 Dec 11.
  • Grattan CEH, Humphreys F. Guidelines for evaluation and management of urticaria in adults and children. B Jl Dermatol 2007;157:1116–23.
  • Jáuregui I, Ferrer M, Montoso J, Dávila I, Bartra J, del Cuvillo A, et al. Antihistamines in the treatment of chronic urticaria. J Invest Allergol Clin Immunol 2007;17(2 Suppl):41-52.
  • Kemp SF, deShazo RD. Prevention and treatment of anaphylaxis. Clin Allergy Immunol. 2008;21:477-98.
  • Lieberman P, Kemp SF, Oppenheimer J, Lang DM, Bernstein IL, Nicklas RA. The diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis: an updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005 Mar;115(3 Suppl):S483-523.
  • Lipozencic J, Wolf R. Life-threatening severe allergic reactions: urticaria, angioedema, and anaphylaxis. Clin Dermatol 2005;23:193-205.
  • Morgan M, Khan DA. Therapeutic alternatives for chronic urticaria: an evidence-based review, part 1. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008 May;100(5):403-11; quiz 412-4, 468.
  • Morgan M, Khan DA. Therapeutic alternatives for chronic urticaria: an evidence-based review, Part 2. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008 Jun;100(6):517-26;quiz 526-8,544.
  • Powell RJ, Du Toitw GL, Siddiquez N, Leech SC, Dixonz TA, Clarkk AT, et al. BSACI guidelines for the management of chronic urticaria and angio-oedema. Clin Exp Allergy 2007;37:631–50.
  • www.aemps.gob.es. Disponible en: http://www.aemps.gob.es/informa/notasInformativas/medicamentosUsoHumano/seguridad/2015/NI-MUH_FV_02-hidroxizina.htm

  • UPTODATE: Chronic spontaneous urticaria: Treatment of refractory symptoms. Literature review current through: Sep 2023. This topic last updated: Jan 21, 2021.

  • Vilavella C , Morros M,  Álvarez M. Una urticaria que no mejora . FMC 2022; 29(4): 186-192.

Varicela

  • Drugs for non-HIV viral infections. Treat Guidel Med Lett. 2007;5:59.

  • DYNAMED. Updated 27 Jun 2023. Chickenpox

  • Grose C. Varicella vaccination of children in the United States: Assessment after the first decade 1995-2005. J Clin Virol 2005;33:89–95.
  • Klassen TP, Hartling L, Wiebe N, Belseck EM. Acyclovir for treating varicella in otherwise healthy children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(4):CD002980.
  • Marin M, Watson TL, Chaves SS, Civen R, Watson BM, Zhang JX, et al. Varicella among adults: data from an active surveillance project, 1995-2005. J Infect Dis. 2008 Mar 1;197 Suppl 2:S94-S100.
  • Tunbridge AJ, Breuer J, Jeffery KJ, British Infection Society. Chickenpox in adults - clinical management. J Infect. 2008 Aug;57(2):95-102.

  • UPTODATE: Treatment of varicella (chickenpox) infection. Literature review current through: Sep 2023. This topic last updated: Feb 02, 2022.

Verrugas

  • Bacelieri R, Johnson SM. Cutaneous warts: an evidence-based approach to therapy. Am Fam Physician 2005;72:647-52.
  • Cockayne S, Curran M, Denby G, et al. EVerT: cryotherapy versus salicylic acid for the treatment of verrucae--a randomised controlled trial. Health Technol Assess. 2011; 15:1.

  • DYNAMED. Updated 02 Mar 2023. Cutaneous Warts

  • Gibbs S, Harvey I, Sterling J, Stark R. Local treatments for cutaneous warts: systematic review. BMJ 2002;325:461-4.
  • Kwok CS, Holland R, Gibbs S. Efficacy of topical treatments for cutaneous warts: a meta-analysis and pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br J Dermatol. 2011; 165:233.

  • UPTODATE. Cutaneous warts (common, plantar, and flat warts). Literature review current through: Sep 2023. This topic last updated: Jul 27, 2023.

Vitíligo

  • DYNAMED. Updated 27 Apr 2023. Vitiligo.
  • Eleftheriadou V, Atkar R, Batchelor J, McDonald B, Novakovic L, Patel JV, et al; British Association of Dermatologists’ Clinical Standards Unit. British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of people with vitiligo 2021. Br J Dermatol. 2022 Jan;186(1):18-29. doi: 10.1111/bjd.20596. Epub 2021 Sep 7. PMID: 34160061
  • Gawkrodger DJ, Ormerod AD, Shaw L, Mauri-Sole I, Whitton ME, Watts MJ, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and management of vitiligo. Br.J.Dermatol. 2008 Nov;159(5):1051-1076.
  • Plensdorf S, Livieratos M, Dada N. Pigmentation Disorders: Diagnosis and Management. Am Fam Physician.2017;96(12):797-804.
  • Whitton ME, Ashcroft DM, González U. Therapeutic interventions for vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008 Oct;59(4):713-7.
  • Stinco G, Piccirillo F, Forcione M, Valent F, Patrone P. An open randomized study to compare narrow band UVB, topical pimecrolimus and topical tacrolimus in the treatment of vitiligo. Eur J Dermatol. 2009 Nov-Dec;19(6):588-93. doi: 10.1684/ejd.2009.0779. Epub 2009 Aug 4. PMID: 19651562.
  • Vitiligo: Management and prognosis. Literature review current through: Sep 2023. This topic last updated: Apr 26, 2023.
  • Whitton M, Pinart M, Batchelor JM, Leonardi-Bee J, González U, Jiyad Z, et al. Evidence-based management of vitiligo: summary of a Cochrane systematic review. Br J Dermatol. 2016 May;174(5):962-9. doi: 10.1111/bjd.14356.