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Problemas digestivos

Absceso perianal

  • Bleday R, Weiser M, Friedman L, Chen W. Perianal and perirectal abscess. ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre 2025). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Gaertner WB, Burgess PL, Davids JS, Lightner AL, Shogan BD, Sun MY, Steele SR, Paquette IM, Feingold DL, The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Anorectal Abscess, Fistula-in-Ano, and Rectovaginal Fistula. Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons SO. Dis Colon Rectum. 2022;65(8):964. 
  • Mocanu V, Dang JT, Ladak F, Tian C, Wang H, Birch DW, Karmali S . Antibiotic use in prevention of anal fistulas following incision and drainage of anorectal abscesses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Surg. 2019;217(5):910.
  • Rakinich J. Whiteford M. Abcess anal. BMJ Best Practice. Mar 2017.
  • Vogel JD, Johnson EK, Morris AM, Paquette IM, Saclarides TJ, Feingold DL, Steele SR . Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Anorectal Abscess, Fistula-in-Ano, and Rectovaginal Fistula. Dis Colon Rectum. 2016;59(12):1117.

Ascaridiasis

  • Ledeer K. Weller F. Ascariasis. En: Rose BD. ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre 2025). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.

Ascitis

  • Biggins S. Evaluation of adults with ascites.. ed. UpToDate. 30.0 2024 Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre 2025 ). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address: easloffice@easloffice.eu, European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2018; 69:406.
  • Runyon BA, AASLD Practice Guidelines Committee. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: an update. Hepatology 2009; 49:2087. Source: Runyon B. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: Update of 2012. AASLD Practice Guideline (Febrero, 2013). Disponible en: http://www.aasld.org/practiceguidelines/Pages/default.aspx.
  • Runyon B.A. Lindor K. Ascites in adults with cirrhosis: diuretic-resistant ascites. ed. UpToDate. 30.0 2024 Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Runyon B.A. Lindor K. Ascites in adults with cirrhosis: Initial therapy. ed. UpToDate. 30.0 2024 Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.

Colelitiasis

  • European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol 2016; 65:146.
  • Ibrahim M, Sarvepalli S, Morris-Stiff G, Rizk M, Bhatt A, Walsh RM, et al. Gallstones: Watch and wait, or intervene? Cleve Clin J Med. 2018;85(4):323-31. 
  • Gutt C, Schläfer S, Lammert F. The Treatment of Gallstone Disease. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2020;117(9):148-58.
  • Zakko S. Approach to the management of gallstones. En: Rose BD. Uptodate 2025.
  • Zakko S.  Overview of nonsurgical management of gallstone stone. ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.

Cólico biliar simple

  • Akriviadis EA, Hatzigavriel M, Kapnias D, Kirimlidis J, Markantas A, Garyfallos A. Treatment of biliary colic with diclofenac: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology 1997;113(1):225-31.
  • Indar AA, Beckingham IJ. Acute cholecystitis. BMJ. 2002 Sep 21;325(7365):639.
  • Salam F Zakko, Nezam H Afdal. Clinical manifestations and evaluation of gallstone disease in adults UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (acceso octubre 2025). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.

Colon irritable. Síndrome del intestino irritable

  • Black CJ, Drossman DA, Talley NJ, Ruddy J, Ford AC. Functional gastrointestinal disorders: advances in understanding and management. Lancet. 2020;396(10263):1664-74
  • Chey WD, Hashash JG, Manning L, Chang L  GA Clinical Practice Update on the Role of Diet in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Expert Review. Gastroenterology. 2022;162(6):1737.
  • Carbone F, Van den Houte K, Besard L, Tack C, Arts J, Caenepeel P, et al; DOMINO Study Collaborators. Diet or medication in primary care patients with IBS: the DOMINO study - a randomised trial supported by the Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE Trials Programme) and the Rome Foundation Research Institute. Gut. 2022;71(11):2226-32.
  • Chang L, Sultan S, Lembo A, et al. AGA Clinical Practice Guideline on the Pharmacological Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Constipation. Gastroenterology 2022; 163:118.
  • D’Silva A, Marshall DA, Vallance JK, Nasser Y, Rajagopalan V, Szostakiwskyj JH, et al. Meditation and Yoga for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023;118(2):329-37.
  • Gearry R, Fukudo S, Barbara G, Kuhn-Sherlock B, Ansell J, Blatchford P, et al. Consumption of 2 Green Kiwifruits Daily Improves Constipation and Abdominal Comfort-Results of an International Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023;118(6).
  • Goodoory VC. Tusteja AK. Black CJ. Ford AC.  Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Efficacy of Mesalamine in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;22(2):243. Epub 2023 Feb 27.
  • Grupo de trabajo de la Guía de práctica clínica sobre el síndrome del intestino irritable. Manejo de paciente con síndrome del intestino irritable. Barcelona: Asociacion Española de Gastroenterologia, semFYC, Centro Cochrane Iberoamericano; 2005.
  • Johnsen PH, Hilpüsch F, Cavanagh JP, et al. Faecal microbiota transplantation versus placebo for moderate-to-severe irritable bowel syndrome: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, single-centre trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 3:17.
  • Johannesson E, Simrén M, Strid H, Bajor A, Sadik R  Physical activity improves symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(5):915. Epub 2011 Jan 4.
  • Lembo  A, Shahnaz  S, Chang∙L, Heidelbaugh J, Smalley W, Verne G. Guía de práctica clínica de la AGA sobre el manejo farmacológico del síndrome del intestino irritable con diarrea. Volumen 163, Número 1P137-151Julio 2022.
  • Liu J, Yang M, Liu Y, Wei M, Grimsgaard S. Herbal medicines for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 Jan 25;(1):CD004116.
  • Manheimer E, Cheng K, Wieland LS, et al. Acupuncture for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; CD005111.
  • Peckham E, Cooper K, Roberts E, Agrawal A, Tew G, Brabyn S, et al. Homeopathy for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Sep; 2019(9): CD009710. Published online 2019 Sep 4.
  • Raine R, Haines A, Sensky T, Hutchings A, Larkin K, Black N. Systematic review of mental health interventions for patients with common somatic symptoms: can research evidence from secondary care be extrapolated to primary care? BMJ. 2002;325(7372):1082.
  • Rao SS, Yu S, Fedewa A. Systematic review: dietary fibre and FODMAP-restricted diet in the management of constipation and irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015; 41:1256.
  • Ruepert L, Quartero AO, de Wit NJ, et al. Bulking agents, antispasmodics and antidepressants for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011: CD003460.
  • Savarino E, Zingone F, Barberio B, Marasco G, Akyuz F, Akpinar H, et al. Functional bowel disorders with diarrhoea: Clinical guidelines of the United European Gastroenterology and European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility. United European Gastroenterol J. 2022;10(6):556-584.
  • Singh P, Chey SW, Nee J, Eswaran S, Dietary Therapy in IBS Working Group, Lembo A, Chey WD  Is a Simplified, Less Restrictive Low FODMAP Diet Possible? Results From a Double-Blind, Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;23(2):362. Epub 2024 May 9. 
  • Spanier JA, Howden CW, Jones MP. A systematic review of alternative therapies in the irritable bowel syndrome. Arch Intern Med 2003 Feb 10;163(3):265-74.
  • Wald A. Treatment of irritable bowell syndrome. ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc.69.0 2025  (Acceso octubre, 2025). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Webb AN, Kukuruzovic RH, Catto-Smith AG, Sawyer SM. Hypnoterapy for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007 Oct 17;(4):CD005110.
  • Whorwell PJ, Altringer L, Morel J, Bond Y, Charbonneau D, O'Mahony L, et al. Efficacy of an encapsulated probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101(7):1581-90.

Diarrea aguda

  • Allen SJ, Martinez EG, Gregorio GV, Dans LF. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;CD003048.
  • Bukirva E. Azithromycin for treating uncomplicated typhoid and paratyphoid fever (enteric fever). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008.
  • Christopher PR, David KV, John SM, Sankarapandian V . Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;
  • Ejemot R, Ehiri J, Meremkwu M, Critchley J. Hand washing for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008 Jan 23;(1).
  • Hempel S, Newberry SJ, Maher AR, Wang Z, Miles JN, Shanman R, Johnsen B, Shekelle PG. Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012; 307: 1959-1969.
  • Johnston BC, Supina AL, Ospina M, Vohra S. Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Apr 18;(2).
  • LaRocque R. Harris J. Bloom Approach to the adult with acute diarrhea in resource-rich settings. ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Lazzerini M. Ronfani L. Oral zinc for treating diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database if Systematic Reviews. 2012;6:CD005436.
  • Parker EA, Roy T, D'Adamo CR, Wieland LS. Probiotics and gastrointestinal conditions: An overview of evidence from the Cochrane Collaboration. Nutrition. 2018; 45:125.
  • PRAN: Plan nacional de resistencia a antibióticos. Guía terapéutica antimicrobiana del SNS. Septiembre 2025. Ministerio de Sanidad. Disponible en: https:/www.resistenciaantibioticos.es/es.
  • Riddle MS, DuPont HL, Connor BA. ACG Clinical Guideline: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Acute Diarrheal Infections in Adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016; 111:602.
  • Sati H, Carrara E, Savoldi A, et al. The WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List 2024: a prioritisation study to guide research, development, and public health strategies against antimicrobial resistance. Lancet Infect Dis. 2025.
  • Sazawal S, Hiremath G, Dhingra U, Malik P, Deb S, Black RE. Efficacy of probiotics in prevention of acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis of masked, randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006 Jun;6(6):374-82.
  • Tgaver D. Zaidi AK. Critchley J. et al. Fluorquinolones for treating typhoid and paratyphoid fever (enteric fever). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005.

Diarrea del viajero

  • Alajbegovic S. Sanders JW. Atherly DE, Riddle MS. Effectiveness of rifaximin and fluoroquinolones in preventing traveller`s diarrhea (TD): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Review 2012 Aug 28;1(1):39. Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE). Sept 2012.
  • De Bruyn G, Hahn S, Borwick A. Tratamiento antibiótico para la diarrea del viajero. Cochrane Database Syst Rev  2000 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002242
  • LaRocque R. Harris J. Bloom A. Travelers' diarrhea: Treatment and prevention ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Riddle MS, Connor BA, Beeching NJ, et al. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of travelers' diarrhea: a graded expert panel report. J Travel Med 2017; 24:S57. 
  • Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 65:e45.
  • Traveler's diarrhea in Thailand: randomized, double-blind trial comparing single-dose and 3-day azithromycin-based regimens with a 3-day levofloxacin regimen. Clin Infect Dis 2007 Feb 1;44(3):338-46.

Disfagia motora

  • Bath P, Bath-Hextall F, Smithard D. Interventions for dysphagia in acute stroke. Cochrane Datebase Syst Rev 2005.
  • Fass R. Aproach to the evaluation of dysphagia in adults. ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Vaezi MF, Pandolfino JE, Yadlapati RH, et al. ACG Clinical Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of Achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol 2020; 115:1393.

Dispepsia

  • Grupo de trabajo de la Guía de práctica clínica sobre dispepsia. Manejo del paciente con dispepsia. Guía de práctica clínica. Barcelona: Asociación Española de Gastroenterología, semFYC, Centro Cochrane Iberoamericano; 2002.
  • Grupo de trabajo de la guía de práctica clínica sobre dispepsia. Manejo del paciente con dispepsia. Guía de práctica clínica. Programa de Elaboración de Guías de Práctica Clínica en Enfermedades Digestivas, desde la Atención Primaria a la Especializada. Barcelona: Asociación Española de Gastroenterología, semFYC, Centro Cochrane Iberoamericano; 2012.
  • Holtmann G, Talley NJ, Liebregts T, Adam B, Parow C. A placebo-controlled trial of itopride in functional dyspepsia. N Engl J Med 2006;354(8):832-40.
  • Jacobson B. Anderson J. Burke C. Dominiz J. Folasade F. Optimizing Bowel Preparation Quality for Colonoscopy: Consensus Recommendations by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. American College of Gastroenterology, 2025.
  • Lepsch M, Strayer S. Omeprazol and placebo have same long-term effect on dyspepsia. J Fam Pract 2003;52(9):687-8.
  • Longstreth G., Talley N., Grover S. Approach to the adult with dyspepsia. ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Moayyedi PM, Lacy BE, Andrews CN, et al. ACG and CAG Clinical Guideline: Management of Dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol 2017; 112:988.
  • NICE guidance: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and dyspepsia in adults. October 2014. Disponible en: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg184.
  • Petrisor D. Etropolsoda Z. Elenski K. Dimitriba H. Efficacy and Safety of Pea Protein and Xyloglucan Versus Simethicone in Functional Abdominal Bloating and Distension. Digestive diseases and sciences, 2024.
  • Wolfe M. Overview and comparison of the proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of acid-related disorders. En: Rose BD. Uptodate 69.0, 2025.

Divericulitis aguda no complicada

  • Binda GA, Cuomo R, Laghi A, Nascimbeni R, Serventi A, Bellini D, Gervaz P, Annibale B; Italian Society of Colon and Rectal Surgery. Practice parameters for the treatment of colonic diverticular disease: Italian Society of Colon and Rectal Surgery (SICCR) guidelines. Tech Coloproctol. 2015 Oct;19(10):615-26.
  • Biondo S, Golda T, Kreisler E, et al. Outpatient versus hospitalization management for uncomplicated diverticulitis: a prospective, multicenter randomized clinical trial (DIVER Trial). Ann Surg 2014; 259:38.
  • Feingold D, Steele SR, Lee S, Kaiser A, Boushey R, Buie WD, Rafferty JF. Practice parameters for the treatment of sigmoid diverticulitis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014 Mar;57(3):284-94.
  • Raghavendran K. Acute colonic diverticulitis: Triage and inpatient management. ed. UpToDate. Inc (acceso octubre 2025).
  • Raghavendran K. Acute colonic diverticulitis: Outpatient management and follow-up. En: ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Sartelli M et al. WSES Guidelines for the management of acute left sided colonic diverticulitis in the emergency setting. World J Emerg Surg. 2016 Jul 29;11:37.
  • Stollman N, Smalley W, Hirano I; AGA Institute Clinical Guidelines Committee. American Gastroenterological Association Institute Guideline on the Management of Acute Diverticulitis. Gastroenterology. 2015 Dec;149(7):1944-9.
  • Vennix S, Morton DG, Hahnloser D, Lange JF, Bemelman WA; Research Committee of the European Society of Coloproctocology. Systematic review of evidence and consensus on diverticulitis: an analysis of national and international guidelines. Colorectal Dis. 2014 Nov;16(11):866-78.

Diverticulosis colónica

  • Bianchi M, Festa V, Moretti A, Ciaco A, Mangone M, Tornatore V, et al. Meta-analysis: long-term therapy with rifaximin in the management of uncomplicated diverticular disease. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2011;33(8): 902-910. Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE). Jun 2012.
  • Dichman ML, Rosenstock SJ, Shabanzadeh Antibióticos para la diverticulitis no complicada.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 22 junio 2022. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009092.pub3
  • Latella G, Pimpo MT, Sottili S, Zippi M, Viscido A, Chiaramonte M, et al. Rifaximin improves symptoms of acquired uncomplicated diverticular disease of the colon. Int J Colorectal Dis 2003 Jan;18(1):55-62.
  • PRAN: Plan nacional de resistencia a antibióticos. Guia terapeútica antimicrobiana del SNS. Octubre 2025. Ministerio de Sanidad España Disponible en: https:/www.resistenciaantibioticos.es/es.
  • Strater L. Colonic diverticulosis and diverticular disease: epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis. ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Peery A.Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of colonic diverticulitis in adults En: ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.

Dolor anal (proctalgia fugaz)

  • Barto A, Robson K. Proctalgia fugax. ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Jeyarajah S. Proctalgia fugax. CMAJ 2013 Mar 19;185(5):417.

Encefalopatía hepática

  • Agrawal A, Sharma BC, Sharma P, Sarin SK. Secondary prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis: an open-label, randomized controlled trial of lactulose, probiotics, and no therapy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(7):1043.
  • Dalal R, McGee RG, Riordan SM, Webster AC. Probiotics for people with hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 2:CD008716.
  • Elliot B. Tapper I. Neehar D. Parikh MD. Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la cirrhosis y sus complicaciones. JAMA. 2023; 329(18): 1589-1602.
  • Gluud L. De Gitte P. Les I. Marchesini G. Borre M. Aagaard K. et al. Aminoácidos de cadena ramificada para personas con encefalopatía hepática. Cochrane. Mayo 2017. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001939.pub4.
  • Gluud LL, Dam G, Les I, et al. Branched-chain amino acids for people with hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 5:CD001939.
  • Goh T, Andersen M, Morgan M, Gluud M. Flumazenil versus placebo o ninguna intervención para los pacientes con cirrosis y encefalopatía hepática. Cochrane. Agosto 2017. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002798.pub4.
  • Goh T, Stokes C, Sidhu S, Vistrup H, Gluud L, Morgan M. L-ornitina L-aspartato para la prevención y el tratamiento de la encefalopatía hepática en personas con cirrosis. Cochrane. Mayo 2018. Disponible en https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012410.pub2.
  • Holte K, Krag A, Gluud LL. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials on probiotics for hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatol Res. 2012;42(10):1008.
  • Kamel F. Zacarías H. Tan J. Kimer N. Gluud L. Morgan M et al. Rifaximina para la prevención y el tratamiento de la encefalopatía hepática en personas con cirrosis. Cochrane. Julio 2023. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011585.pub2.
  • Kimer N, Krag A, Moller S, Bendtsen F, Gluud LL. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the effects of rifaximin in hepatic encephalopathy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014 Jul;40(2):123-32. 2014 May 21.
  • Koretz R. Avenell A., Lipman T. Nutritional support for liver disease. Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group. 2012 May 16;5:CD008344.
  • Marti-Carvajal A. Gluud C. Arévalo-Rodriguez I. Martí-Amarista C. Acetil-L-carnitina para pacientes con encefalopatía hepática. Cochrane. Enero 2019. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011451.pub2.
  • McGee RG, Bakens A, Wiley K, Riordan SM, Webster AC. Probiotics for patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011.
  • NICE. Rifaximin for preventing episodes of overt hepatic encephalopathy. 25 marzo de 2015. Disponible en: http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta337/chapter/4-Consideration-of-the-evidence.
  • Ridola L. Riggio O. Hepatic encephalopathy in adults: treatment.ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.) Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Sanyal AJ. Garcia Pagan C Overview of the management of patients with variceal bleeding. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.) Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Zacarías H. Zacarías A. Gluud L. Morgan M. Farmacoterapias dirigidas especifícamente al amoniaco para la prevención y el tratamiento de la encefalopatía hepática en adultos con cirrosis. Junio 2019. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012334.pub2.

Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal

  • Al Hashash J. Regueiro M. Medical management of low-risk adult patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Cheifetz  A. Garret J. Sulfasalazine and 5-aminosaicylates in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • D’Amico F, Magro F, Dignass A, Al Awadhi S, Gutiérrez Casbas A, Queiroz NSF, et al. Practical management of mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis: an international expert consensus. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024 Aug;18(8):421-30. doi: 10.1080/17474124.2024.2397650
  • Farraye F, Gil Y, Lichtenstein G, Kane S. ACG Clinical Guideline: Preventive Care inInflammatory Bowel Disease. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2017;112.
  • Regueiro M. Al Hasash J Overview of the medical management of mild (low risk) Crohn disease in adults. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Gomollón F, Dignass A, Annese V, et al. 3rd European Evidence-based Consensus on the Diagnosis and Management of Crohn's Disease 2016: Part 1: Diagnosis and Medical Management. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:3.
  • INFAC. Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. 2018;26(2). Disponible en: https://www.osakidetza.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/cevime_infac_2018/es_def/adjuntos/INFAC-Vol-26-2_Enfermedad-inflamatoria-intestinal.pdf.
  • Kaur L, Gordon M, Baines PA, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Sinopoulou V, Akobeng AK. Probiotics for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;4(3):CD005573.
  • Kuenzig ME, Rezaie A, Seow CH, et al. Budesonide for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; CD002913.
  • Lamb CA, Kennedy NA, Raine T, Hendy PA, Smith PJ, Limdi JK, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut. 2019;68(3):s1-106.
  • Lamb CA, Kennedy NA, Raine T, Hendy PA, Smith PJ, Limdi JK, et al; IBD guidelines eDelphi consensus group. British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut. 2019;68(3):s1-106.
  • Lichtenstein GR, Loftus EV, Afzali A, Long MD, Barnes EL, Isaacs KL, Ha CY ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Crohn's Disease in Adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2025;120(6):1225. Epub 2025 Jun 3.
  • Mallon P, McKay D, Kira S, Gardiner K. Probiotics for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17;(4).
  • Murray A, Nguyen TM, Parker CE, Feagan BG, MacDonald JK. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;(8):CD000544. 
  • Nakase H, Uchino M, Shinzaki S, Matsuura M, Matsuoka K, Kobayashi T, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for inflammatory bowel disease 2020. J Gastroenterol. 2021;56(6):489-52.
  • Peppercorn M. Cheifezz A. Overview of budesonide therapy for adults with inflammatory bowel disease. ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.

Epigastralgia. Ulcus gastroduodenal

  • Grupo de trabajo de la guía de práctica clínica sobre dispepsia. Manejo del paciente con dispepsia. Guía de práctica clínica. Programa de Elaboración de Guías de Práctica Clínica en Enfermedades Digestivas, desde la Atención Primaria a la Especializada. Barcelona: Asociación Española de Gastroenterología, semFYC, Centro Cochrane Iberoamericano; 2012.
  • Grupo de trabajo de la Guía de práctica clínica sobre reflujo gastroesofágico. Manejo del paciente con reflujo gastroesofágico. Guía de práctica clinica. Barcelona: Asociación Española de Gastroenterología, semFYC, Centro Cochrane Iberoamericano; 2007.
  • Karhilas P. Initial management of gastroesophageal reflux disease in adults. ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • NICE guidance. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and dyspepsia in adults. October 2019. Disponible en: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg184.

Erradicación de Helicobacter pylori

  • Cheung KS, Chan EW, Wong AYS, Chen L, Wong ICK, Leung WK. Long-term proton pump inhibitors and risk of gastric cancer development after treatment for Helicobacter pylori: a population-based study. Gut. 2018 Jan;67(1):28-35. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314605. Epub 2017 Oct 31.
  • Chey WD, Leontiadis GI, Howden CW, Moss SF. ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017; 112:212–238.
  • Fallone CA, Chiba N, van zant3en sv et al. The Toronto Consensus for the Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in adults. Gastroenterology. 2016; 151:51.
  • Fawaz Y. Rojo N. Diaz J. Sarriola A. barreales S. Vilaseca J. Efectividad clínica y microbiológica del tratamiento erradicador de Helicobacter pylori con terapia triple. Atención Primaria. 2025;57:103344 . Barcelona. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2025.103344
  • Gatta L, Vakil N, Vaira D, Scarpignato C. Global eradication rates for Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis of sequential therapy. BMJ 2013 Aug 7;347:f4587. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f4587.
  • Gisbert J., Molina-Infante J , Amador J, Bermejo F, Bujanda L , Calvet X et al. IV Conferencia Española de Consenso sobre el tratamiento de la infección por Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 39:697-721. doi: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2016.05.003.
  • Grupo de trabajo de la guía de práctica clínica sobre dispepsia. Manejo del paciente con dispepsia. Guía de práctica clínica. Programa de Elaboración de Guías de Práctica Clínica en Enfermedades Digestivas, desde la Atención Primaria a la Especializada. Barcelona: Asociación Española de Gastroenterología, semFYC, Centro Cochrane Iberoamericano; 2012.
  • Infac: Nuevas pautas erradicadoras de Helicobacter Pylori. Septiembre 2017. Disponible en: https://www.osakidetza.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/cevime_infac_2017/es_def/adjuntos/INFAC_Vol%20_25%20_n_5_%20H%20pylori_es.pdf.
  • Shah S , Kao J.Moss S . Treatment regimens for Helicobacter pylori in adults. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.) Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Lim S. Park R. Shin S. Yoon D. Kang J. Hwang et al. The relationship between the failure to eradicate Helicobacter Pylori and previous antibiotics use. Dig Liver Dis. 2016 Apr 48(4):385-90.
  • Malfertheiner P; Megraud F; O'Morain CA; Gisbert JP; Kuipers EJ; Axon AT, et al Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report. GUT, Octubre 2016.
  • Megraud F, Coenen S, Versporten A, Kist M, Lopez-Brea M, Hirs-chl AM, et al. Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics inEurope and its relationship to antibiotic consumption. Gut.2013;62:34.
  • Molina-Infante J, Gisbert JP. Update on the efficacy of triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection and clarithromycin resistance rates in Spain (2007-2012). Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;36:375.
  • Navarro-Jarabo JM, Fernandez-Snchez F, Fernandez Moreno N, Hervas-Molina AJ, Casado-Caballero F, Puente-Gutierrez JJ.et al. Prevalence of Primary Resistance of Helicobacter pylori to Clarithromycin and Levofloxacin in Southern Spain. Digestion 2015;92(2):78-82.
  • NICE guidance. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and dyspepsia in adults. October 2019. Disponible en: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg184.
  • PRAN: Plan nacional de resistencia a antibióticos. Guia terapeútica antimicrobiana del SNS. Setiembre 2025. Ministerio de Sanidad España. Disponible en: https:/www.resistenciaantibioticos.es/es.
  • Yuan Y, Ford AC, Khan KJ, et al. Optimum duration of regimens for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;12:CD008337.

Esofagitis por Candida

  • Kauffman C. Vazquez J. Esophageal candidiasis in adults UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. [Consultado en octubre de 2025.) Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Kauffman C.Vazquez J. Oropharyngeal candidiasis in adults. ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. [Consultado en octubre 2025]. Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:e1.

Estreñimiento crónico funcional

  • Algoritmo de tratamiento del estreñimiento inducido por opioides. CADIME set 2017. Disponible en: http://www.cadime.es/docs/algoritmos/CADIME_ALGORITMO_TTO_ESTRENIMIENTO-OPIOIDES.pdf.
  • Cinca R, Chera D, Gruss HJ, Halphen M. Randomised clinical trial: macrogol/PEG 3350+electrolytes versus prucalopride in the treatment of chronic constipation -- a comparison in a controlled environment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013;37:876.
  • Cochrane Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Functional Bowel Disorders Group. Cocrane Database if Systematic Reviews. 2012;10 .CD009118.pub2.
  • Comité de evaluación de nuevos medicamentos. Osakidetza. Cevime. 2017; n.º 248. Naloxegol. Disponible en: http://www.osakidetza.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/medicamentos_atencion_primaria/es_def/adjuntos/N/naloxegol_fitxa.CA.pdf.
  • Ford AC, Suares NC. Effect of laxatives and pharmacological therapies in chronic idiopathic constipation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut 2011; 60(2): 209-218. DARE 2012.
  • Jewell D, Young G. Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy. Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group. Cocrane Database if Systematic Reviews. 2012;8:CD001142.
  • Kistemaker K, de Graeff A, Crul M , Klerk G  , Van de Ven P , Van der MeulenM.  et al. Magnesium hydroxide versus macrogol/electrolytes in the prevention of opioid-induced constipation in incurable cancer patients: study protocol for an open-label, randomized controlled trial (the OMAMA study). BMC Palliative Care. 2023.
  • Lembo A, Camillero M. Chronic constipation. N Eng J Med. 2003;349:1360-8.
  • Mori S, Tomita T, Fujimura K, et al. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial on the effect of magnesium oxide in patients with chronic constipation. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019;25(4): 563–75
  • Morishita D, Tomita T, Mori S, et al. Senna versus magnesium oxide for the treatment of chronic constipation: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021;116(1):152–61.  
  • Wald A. Statish R.Manegement of chronic constipation in adults. ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.

Fístula anal

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  • Bleday R. Perianal and perirectal abscess UpToDate. Waltham, MA UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.) Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Crockett SD, Greer KB, Heidelbaugh JJ, Falck-Ytter Y, Hanson BJ, Sultan S, American Gastroenterological Association Institute Clinical Guidelines Committee American Gastroenterological Association Institute Guideline on the Medical Management of Opioid-Induced Constipation.Gastroenterology. 2019;156(1):218.
  • Gaertner W. Burgues P. Davids J. Ligthner A. Shogan B , Sun M et al The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Anorectal Abscess, Fistula-in-Ano, and Rectovaginal Fistula Dis Colon Rectum 2022 Aug 1;65(8):964-985.
  • Ouyang R, Li Z, Huang S, Liu J, Huang J. Efficacy and Safety of Peripherally Acting Mu-Opioid Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of Opioid-Induced Constipation: A Bayesian Network Meta-analysis. Pain Med. 2020;21(11):3224.
  • Champagne B. Operative management of anorectal fistulas. ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Wald A. Bharucha A. Cosman B. Whitehead E. ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Benign Anorectal Disorders. Am J Gastroenterol online publication, 15 July 2014.  doi: 10.1038/ajg.2014.190.

Fisura anal

  • Anal fissure (chronic). Clinical Evidence. 2007. Disponible en: http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/ceweb/conditions/dsd/0407/0407.jsp.
  • Arroyo A, Montes E, Calderón T, Blesa I, Elia M, Salgado G, et al. Tratamiento de la fisura anal: algoritmo de actuación. Documento de consenso de la Asociación Española de Coloproctología y la Sección de Coloproctología de la Asociación Española de Cirujanos. Cirugía Española 2018; 96(5):260-7.
  • Bleday R. Anal fissure: Medical management. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Nelson R. Tratamiento no quirúrgico para la fisura anal. Non surgical therapy for anal fissure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012:CD003431.
  • Steele S. Madoff. Systematic review: the treatment of anal fissure. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;24:247-57.
  • Stewart D. Gaertner W. Glasgow S. Migaly J. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Anal Fissures. Dis Colon Rectum 2017; 60: 7-14.
  • Tejirian T, Abbas MA. Sitz bath: where is the evidence? Scientific basis of a common practice. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48(12):2336-40.
  • Wald A. Bharucha A. Cosman B. Whitehead E. ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Benign Anorectal Disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 2021 Oct 1;116(10):1987-2008.

Giardiasis. Lambliasis

  • Barthel L. Giardiasis: Treatment and prevention. ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Leder K. Intestinal entamoeba histolytica amebiasis. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Minetti C, Chalmers RM, Beeching NJ, et al. Giardiasis. BMJ 2016; 355:i5369.
  • Zaat JO, Mank TH. Assendelft WJ. WITHDRAWN: Drugs for treating giardiasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007 Jul 18;(3).

Hemorroides. 

  • Alonso-Coello P, Guyatt G, Heels-Ansdell D, Johanson JF, López-Yarto M, Mills E, et al. Laxatives for the treatment of hemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005 Oct 19;(4):CD004649.
  • Alonso-Coello P, Zhou Q, Martinez-Zapata MJ, Mills E, Heels-Ansdell D, Johanson JF, et al. Fiber for the treatment of hemorrhoids complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2006 Jan;101(1):181-8. [Review].
  • Alonso-Coello P, Zhou Q, Martínez-Zapata MJ, Mills E, Heels-Ansdell D, Johanson JF, et al. Meta-analysis of flavonoids for the treatment of haemorrhoids. Br J Surg 2006 Aug;93(8):909-20.
  • Bleday R. Home and office treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoids. ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Hawkins AT, Davis BR, Bhama AR, Fang SH, Dawes AJ, Feingold DL, Lightner AL, Paquette IM, Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum. 2024;67(5):614. Epub 2024 Jan 31.
  • Perera N, Liolitsa D, Iype S, et al. Phlebotonics for haemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012:CD004322.
  • Quijano CE, Abalos E. Conservative management of symptomatic and/or complicated haemorrhoids in pregnancy and the puerperium. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005 Jul 20;(3):CD004077.

Hemorroides. Trombosis hemorroidal

  • Bleday R, Breen E. Treatment of hemorrhoids. En: Rose BD. Uptodate, 2018.
  • Grupo de trabajo de la guía de práctica clínica sobre rectorragia. Manejo del paciente con rectorragia. Guía de práctica clínica. Barcelona: Asociación Española de Gastroenterología, semFYC, Centro Cochrane Iberoamericano; 2002.
  • Hawkins AT, Davis BR, Bhama AR, Fang SH, Dawes AJ, Feingold DL, Lightner AL, Paquette IM, Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum. 2024;67(5):614. Epub 2024 Jan 31. 
  • Huang YJ, Chen CY, Chen RJ, Kang YN, Wei PL Topical diltiazem ointment in post-hemorrhoidectomy pain relief: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Asian J Surg. 2018;41(5):431. Epub 2017 Jul 8. 
  • Liu JW, Lin CC, Kiu KT, Wang CY, Tam KW Effect of Glyceryl Trinitrate Ointment on Pain Control After Hemorrhoidectomy: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. World J Surg. 2016;40(1):215.
  • Lyons NJR, Cornille JB, Pathak S, Charters P, Daniels IR, Smart NJ SO. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of metronidazole in post-haemorrhoidectomy pain relief. Colorectal Dis. 2017;19(9):803.
  • Prodigy guidance – Haemorrhoids. April 2002. Disponible en: www.prodigy.nhs.uk/guidance.asp?gt=Haemorrhoids.
  • Re AD, Toh JWT, Iredell J, Ctercteko G Metronidazole in the Management of Post-Open Haemorrhoidectomy Pain: Systematic Review. Ann Coloproctol. 2020 Feb;36(1):5-11.
  • Rivadeneira DE, Steele SR, Ternent C, et al. Practice parameters for the management of hemorrhoids (revised 2010). Dis Colon Rectum 2011; 54:1059.
  • Wald A. Bharucha A. Cosman B. Whitehead E. ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Benign Anorectal Disorders. Am J Gastroenterol online publication, 15 July 2014; doi: 10.1038/ajg.2014.190
  • Wilkie BD, Chandra R, Chua J, Lam DCS, Paratz ED, An V, Keck JO  Efficacy of postoperative oral metronidazole for haemorrhoidectomy pain: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Colorectal Dis. 2021;23(1):274.
  • Xia W. Barazanchi A. MacFater W. MacCormick A. Svirkis D. Sammour T.et al. Topical versus Oral metronidazol after excisional Hemorrhoidectomy: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Dis Colon Rectum 2022 Nov 1:65(11): 1362-1372.

Hepatopatías crónicas

  • Ahmed A, Wong RJ, Harrison SA. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Review: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcomes. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015; 13:2062.
  • Castillo M, Salgado-Canales D, Arrese M, Barrera F, Mikhailidis DP. Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Lipid Profile, Anthropometric and Hepatic Markers in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): A Systematic Review.Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2024;22(3):187-202. Doi: 10.2174/0115701611285401240110074530.
  • Diehl AM, Day C. Cause, Pathogenesis, and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:2063.
  • Machado MV, Diehl AM. Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:1769.
  • Mohsen A, Norris S. Hepatitis C (chronic). BMJ Clin Evid 2007;09:921.
  • Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis C. Joint panel from the American Association of the Study of Liver Diseases and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. (Acceso oct, 2025). Disponible en: http://www.hcvguidelines.org/.
  • Singal AK, Bataller R, Ahn J, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: Alcoholic Liver Disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; 113:175.
  • Wang X, Xiaoqian J., Hancheng I, X. Zhang 1, X. Chen , K. Lu , C Chu Effects of various interventions on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A systematic review and network meta-analysis Front Pharmacol. 2023 Mar 29;14:1180016. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1180016.

Hipo

  • Lembo A. Approach to the adult with hiccups. ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Moretto EN, Wee B, Wiffen PJ, Murchison AG. Interventions for treating persistent and intractable hiccups in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013:CD008768.
  • Steger M, Schneemann M, Fox M. Systemic review: the pathogenesis and pharmacological treatment of hiccups. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015; 42:1037.
  • Wang T, Wang D. Metoclopramide for patients with intractable hiccups: a multicenter, randomised, controlled pilot study. Intern Med J. 2014;44(12a):1205.

Incontinencia fecal

  • Assmann S. Keszthelyi D. Kleijnen J. Anastasiou F. Bradshaw E. Branningan A. et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of Faecal Incontinence-A UEG/ESCP/ESNM/ESPCG collaboration. United European Gastroenterol J. 2022 Apr 10(3):251-286.
  • Brown SR, Wadhawan H, Nelson RL. Surgery for faecal incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013:CD001757.
  • Lembo A. Spibak A. Fecal Incontinente in adults: management. ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Markland AD, Burgio KL, Whitehead WE, et al. Loperamide Versus Psyllium Fiber for Treatment of Fecal Incontinence: The Fecal Incontinence Prescription (Rx) Management (FIRM) Randomized Clinical Trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2015; 58:983.
  • Mowatt G, Glazener C, Jarrett M. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence and constipation in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18:(3).
  • Ng KS, Sivakumaran Y, Nassar N, Gladman MA. Fecal Incontinence: Community Prevalence and Associated Factors--A Systematic Review. Dis Colon Rectum 2015; 58:1194.
  • Norton C, Cody C, Hosker G. Biofeedback and/or sphincter exercises for the treatment of faecal incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006.
  • Paquette IM, Varma MG, Kaiser AM, et al. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons' Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Fecal Incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2015; 58:623.
  • Stojkovic SG, Lim M, Burke D, Finan PJ, Sagar PM. Intra-anal collagen injection for the treatment of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 2006 Dec;93(12):1514-8.
  • Wald A, Bharucha AE, Cosman BC, Whitehead WE. ACG clinical guideline: management of benign anorectal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 2021 Oct 1;116(10):1987-2008.

Náuseas y vómitos

  • American Gastroenterological Association. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: nausea and vomiting. Gastroenterology 2001 Jan;120(1):261-3.
  • Furmann J. Barton J. Treatment of vertigo. ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Domperidona y riesgo cardíaco: restricciones en las condiciones de autorización (Recomendaciones del Comité para la Evaluación de Riesgos en Farmacovigilancia europeo-PRAC). MUH (FV), 4/2014.
  • Jewell D, Young G. Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD000145.
  • Koch k, Neurberger J. Leffler D. Assessment of nausea and vomiting, adults. BMJ Best Practice. Jun 2018.
  • Longstreth G. Aproach to the adult with nausea and vomiting. ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso Octubre 2025).Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Metoclopramida: restricciones de uso, actualización de indicaciones y posología. AEMS. MUH (FV), 22/2013.
  • Rondanelli,M.  Perna S, Cattaneo C. Gasparri C.,Barrile G.,  Moroni A. et al A Food Pyramid and Nutritional Strategies for Managing Nausea and Vomiting During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. Foods 2025, 14(3), 373. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14030373.

Parásitos intestinales. Helmiantiasis. Oxiuriasis

  • Jourdan PM, Lamberton PHL, Fenwick A, Addiss DG. Soil-transmitted helminth infections. Lancet 2017.
  • Ledder K, Weller F. Enterobiasis and trichuriasis. Enterobiasis (pinworm) and trichuriasis (whipworm). ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Acceso octubre, 2025.). Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com.

Pirosis. Esofagitis por reflujo. Hernia de hiato

  • Aizpurua I. Braceras L. Lopez de Landache I. Fernandez A. Jaio N. lekue Z. et al Inhibidores de la bomba de protones. Recomendaciones de Uso Departamento de salud Gobierno Vasco Mayo 2016. Disponible en: https://www.osakidetza.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/publicaciones_informes_estudio/es_pub/adjuntos/Inhibidores_de_la_Bomba_de_Protones_Recomendaciones_mayo_2016.pdf.
  • Alcedo J. Documento de actualización dela guía de practica clínica sobre la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico en el adulto. Asociación Española de Gastroenterología. Madrid 2019. 
  • Chang AB, Lasserson TJ, Kiljander O, Connor F, Gaffney T, Garske A. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of gastro-esophageal reflux interventions for chronic cough associated with gastro-esophageal reflux. BMJ 2006.
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  • Fuchs K. Babic B. Breihaupt W. Dallemagne B. Fingerhut A. Furnee E. Et al. EAES recommendations for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Surgical endoscopy June 2014, Volume 28, Issue 6, pp 1753–1773.
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  • Hirano I, Richter JE, Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. ACG practice guidelines: esophageal reflux testing. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102:668.
  • Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, Greer KB, Yadlapati R, Spechler SJ. ACG Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Jan 1;117(1):27-56. 
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  • NICE. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and dyspepsia in adults: investigation and management.. Setiembre 2014 Disponible en: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg184/resources/gastrooesophageal-reflux-disease-and-dyspepsia-in-adults-investigation-and-management-35109812699845.
  • Ren LH, Chen WX, Qian LJ, Li S, Gu M, Shi RH. Addition of prokinetics to PPI therapy in gastroesophageal reflux disease: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(9):2412-9.
  • Sigterman KE, van Pinxteren B, Bonis PA, et al. Short-term treatment with proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists and prokinetics for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease-like symptoms and endoscopy negative reflux disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013: CD002095.
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Prevención de la gastropatía por AINE

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Sobrecrecimiento bacteriano intestinal. Síndrome del asa ciega

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