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Problemas de la cara-nariz-boca-garganta-oídos

Acúfenos

  • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Evaluation and treatment of tinnitus: Comparative effectiveness; 2013. Disponible en: https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/topics/tinnitus/research
  • Amor JC. Acúfenos. Fisterra. 2023.
  • Fuller T, Cima R, Langguth B, Mazurek B, Vlaeyen JW, Hoare DJ. Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;(1):CD012614. PubMed PMID: 31912887.
  • Hoare DJ, Edmondson-Jones M, Sereda M, Akeroyd MA, Hall D. Amplification with hearing aids for patients with tinnitus and co-existing hearing loss. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;1:CD010151.
  • Langguth B, Kleinjung T, Schlee W, Vanneste S, De Ridder D. Tinnitus Guidelines and Their Evidence Base. J Clin Med. 2023;12(9):3087. PubMed PMID: 37176527.
  • Tang D, Li H, Chen L. Advances in Understanding, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Tinnitus. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1130:109-128. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-6123-4_7. PMID: 30915704.
  • Tinnitus: assessment and management. NICE guideline Published: 11 March 2020. Disponible en: http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng155
  • Tunkel D, Bauer C. Clinical Practice Guideline: Tinnitus. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 2014, Vol. 151(2S) S1–S40. Disponible en: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0194599814545325
  • Varela Barrenechea F. Efficacy of neurofeedback as a treatment for people with subjective tinnitus in reducing the symptom and related consequences: a systematic review from 2010 to 2020. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp (Engl Ed). 2023 Jul-Aug;74(4):253-62. PubMed PMID: 36257576.
  • Wegner I, Hall DA, Smit AL, McFerran D, Stegeman I. Betahistine for tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Dec 28;12(12):CD013093. PubMed PMID: 30908589.

Afta bucal

  • Conejero R, García L, Navarro ME. Estomatitis aftosa recurrente. Med Clin (Barc). 2023 Sep 29;161(6):251-259.  doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2023.05.007. Epub 2023 Jun 23. PMID: 37357066. 
  • Edgar NR, Saleh D, Miller RA. Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis: A Review. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2017; 10:26.
  • González-Fermoso M. Estomatosis aftosa recurrente. Guías clínicas Fisterra. 2023
  • Lodi G. Oral lesions. En: UpToDate,  Post TW (ed). UpToDate Inc., Waltham, MA. Última actualización 2024. 
  • Parra FJ, Egido S, Schemel M, González B, Estrugo A, López J. Treatment of recurrent aphtous stomatitis: A systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2023 Jan 1;28(1):e87-e98. doi: 10.4317/medoral.25604. PMID: 36173717; PMCID: PMC9805337.
  • Purriños L, Fernández-Obanza E. Aftas orales. AMF 2008;4(1):38-40.
  • Tarakji B, Gazal G, Al-Maweri SA, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis for dental practitioners. J Int Oral Health 2015; 7:74.

Candidiasis oral

  • Contaldo M, Di Stasio D, Romano A, Fiori F, Della Vella F, Rupe C, et al. Oral Candidiasis and Novel Therapeutic Strategies: Antifungals, Phytotherapy, Probiotics, and Photodynamic Therapy. Curr Drug Deliv. 2023;20(5):441-456. doi: 10.2174/1567201819666220418104042. PMID: 35440307.
  • DynaMed. Candidiasis oral. Servicios de información de EBSCO. Actualizado 24 de junio de 2024. [Consultado el 2 de septiembre de 2024]. Disponible en: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/oral-candidiasis
  • Hellstein JW, Marek CL. Candidiasis: Red and White Manifestations in the Oral Cavity. Head Neck Pathol. 2019 Mar;13(1):25-32. doi: 10.1007/s12105-019-01004-6. Epub 2019 Jan 29. PMID: 30693459; PMCID: PMC6405794.
  • Lin J, Peng CX, Huang WM. Comparative efficacy of antifungal drugs for the treatment of oral candidiasis in HIV-positive patients: A Bayesian network meta-analysis. Med Clin (Barc). 2025 Jan 24;164(2):76-83. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2024.05.018. Epub 2024 Aug 29. PMID: 39214731.
  • Mohamed AA, Lu XL, Mounmin FA. Diagnosis and Treatment of Esophageal Candidiasis: Current Updates. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Oct 20;2019:3585136. doi: 10.1155/2019/3585136. PMID: 31772927; PMCID: PMC6854261.
  • Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: Recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. [Consulta realizada el 29 de septiembre de 2019]. Disponible en: http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf
  • Quindós G, Gil-Alonso S, Marcos-Arias C, Sevillano E, Mateo E, Jauregizar N, Eraso E. Therapeutic tools for oral candidiasis: Current and new antifungal drugs. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2019 Mar 1;24(2):e172-e180. doi: 10.4317/medoral.22978. PMID: 30818309; PMCID: PMC6441600.
  • Rai A, Misra SR, Panda S, Sokolowski G, Mishra L, Das R, Lapinska B. Nystatin Effectiveness in Oral Candidiasis Treatment: A Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Life (Basel). 2022 Oct 22;12(11):1677. doi: 10.3390/life12111677. PMID: 36362833; PMCID: PMC9697841.
  • Stoopler ET, Villa A, Bindakhil M, Díaz DLO, Sollecito TP. Common Oral Conditions: A Review. JAMA. 2024 Mar 26;331(12):1045-1054. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.0953. PMID: 38530258.
  • Su CW, Gaskie S, Jamieson B, Triezenberg D. What is the best treatment for oral thrush in healthy infants? Journal of Family Practice July. 2008;vol.57,No.7:484-5.

Disfonía

  • Aldecoa Landesa S. Disfonía. AMF. 2018;14(1).
  • Almeida ANS, Cunha DAD, Ferreira SLS, Guimarães BTL, Balata PMM, Silva HJD. Effect of Electrical Stimulation on the Treatment of Dysphonia: A Systematic Review. J Voice. 2022 Sep;36(5):650-660. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.08.002. Epub 2020 Aug 29. PMID: 32868145.  
  • Amor JC, Costa C. Disfonía. [Internet.] Guías clínicas Fisterra. 2020. 
  • Bruch J. Hoarseness in adults. [Internet.] UpToDate 2024. Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com
  • Chang JI, Bevans SE, Schwartz SR. Otolaryngology clinic of North America: evidence based practice: management of hoarseness/dysphonia. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2012;45(5):1109-26.
  • Ruotsalainen JH, Sellman J, Lehto L, Jauhiainen M, Verbeek JH. Intervenciones para el tratamiento de la disfonía funcional en adultos (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2008, número 4. Oxford: Update Software Ltd. Disponible en: http://www.update-software.com

Disfunción de la articulación temporomandibular

  • Busse JW, Casassus R, Carrasco-Labra A, et al. Management of chronic pain associated with temporomandibular disorders: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2023 Dec 15;383:e076227. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2023-076227. PMID: 38101929.
  • Christidis N, Al-Moraissi EA, Barjandi G, et al. Pharmacological Treatments of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review Including a Network Meta-Analysis. Drugs. 2024 Jan;84(1):59-81.
  • Gauer RL, Semidey MJ. Diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders. Am Fam Physician. 2015 Mar 15;91(6):378-86. PMID: 25822556.
  • González-Sánchez B, García Monterey P, Ramírez-Durán MDV, et al. Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunctions: A Systematic Review of Treatment Approaches. J Clin Med. 2023;12(12):4156.
  • Revisión de las directrices para el tratamiento de los trastornos temporomandibulares conjunto aprobado por el "Consejo de la AADR" 3 marzo de 2010. [Artículo Diario, Guía de Práctica]. Rev Med Dent Belge (1984). 2010 Oct-Dec;65(4):163-4.
  • Shimada A, Ishigaki S, Matsuka Y, et al. Effects of exercise therapy on painful temporomandibular disorders. J Oral Rehabil. 2019 May;46(5):475-481.
  • Thomas DC, Singer SR, Markman S. Temporomandibular Disorders and Dental Occlusion: What Do We Know so Far? Dent Clin North Am. 2023 Apr;67(2):299-308.
  • Yao L, Sadeghirad B, Li M, et al. Management of chronic pain secondary to temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2023 Dec 15;383:e076226./li>

Dolor dental y periodontal

  • Agnihotry A, Thompson W, Fedorowicz Z, van Zuuren EJ and Sprakel J. Antibiotic use for irreversible pulpitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.; 2016 Feb. Prim Dent J. 2014 Feb;3(1):52-7.
  • Bascones A, Aguirre J, Bermejo A. Documento de consenso sobre el tratamiento antimicrobiano de las infecciones bacterianas odontogénicas. Av Odontoestomatol. 2005;21:311-9.
  • Calsina E, Vichino S. Enfermedad periodontal. Formación Médica Continuada. 2001;2:68-76.
  • Cope A al. Systemic antibiotics for symptomatic apical periodontitis and acute apical abscess in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.; 2014 Jun 26; 6.
  • Carrasco-Labra A, Polk DE, Urquhart, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the pharmacologic management of acute dental pain in children: A report from the American Dental Association Science and Research Institute, the University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, and the Center for Integrative Global Oral Health at the University of Pennsylvania. J Am Dent Assoc. 2023 Sep;154(9):814-825.e2.
  • Daly CG. Antibiotic prophylaxis for dental procedures. Aust Prescr 2017;40:184-8.
  • Dental abscess – Management Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. 2008 Ene. Natinal Guideline Clearinghouse. [Actualizada Ene 2008; acceso 9 Jul 2008]. Disponible en: http://www.prodigy.nhs.uk/dental_abscess
  • Douglas PR. Management of severe acute dental infections. BMJ 2015; 350.
  • Monedero M, García C, Rabanaque G, Marín P, Batalla M. Tratamiento empírico de las infecciones en el adulto. FMC 2008;Protocolo 4/2008 30-5.
  • Prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases in Primary Care.2014. Dental Clinical Guidance. Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme. Disponible en: http://www.sdcep.org.uk
  • Segura-Egea JJ, Gould K, Şen BH, Jonasson P, Cotti E, Mazzoni A, et al. European Society of Endodontology position statement: the use of antibiotics in endodontics. Int Endod J 2018;51:20-5.
  • Timmerman A, Parashos P. Management of dental pain in primary care. Aust Prescr. 2020;43(2):39-44. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2020.010.

Epistaxis

  • Bequignon E, Vérillaud B, Robard L, et al; SFORL work-group. Guidelines of the French Society of Otorhinolaryngology (Société Française d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie [SFORL]). First-line treatment of epistaxis in adults. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2017 May;134(3):185-189
  • García E, González X. Técnica para la colocación de un taponamiento nasal anterior. AMF 2006:2(1):29-32.
  • García S, Millán J. Epistaxis. 2023. Disponible en: http://www.fisterra.com/fisterrae/
  • Janapala RN, Tran QK, Patel J, Mehta E, Pourmand A. Efficacy of topical tranexamic acid in epistaxis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2022 Jan;51:169-175. 
  • Joseph J, Martínez-Devesa P, Bellorini J, Burton MJ. Tranexamic acid for patients with nasal haemorrhage (epistaxis). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Dec 31;12(12):CD004328. 
  • Li T, Li F, Cha X, Wang S, et al. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effects of Topical Tranexamic Acid versus Topical Vasoconstrictors on the Management of Epistaxis. Curr Pharm Des. 2023;29(19):1497-1503.
  • Mylonas S, Skoulakis C, Nikolaidis V, Hajiioannou J. Epistaxis Treatment Options: Literature Review. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2023 Sep;75(3):2235-44. 
  • Tunkel D, Anne S, MD Clinical Practice Guideline: Nosebleed (Epistaxis) Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2020;162(1S):S1–S38. Disponible en: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0194599819890327

Faringoamigdalitis aguda

  • Bakhit M, Gamage SK, Atkins T, Glasziou P, Hoffmann T, Jones M, et al. Diagnostic performance of clinical prediction rules to detect group A beta-haemolytic streptococci in people with acute pharyngitis: a systematic review. Public Health. 2024;227:219-27. PubMed PMID: 38241903.
  • Büttner R, Schwermer M, Ostermann T, Längler A, Zuzak T. Complementary and alternative medicine in the (symptomatic) treatment of acute tonsillitis in children: A systematic review. Complement Ther Med. 2023;73:102940. PubMed PMID: 36868289.
  • De Cassan S, Thompson MJ, Perera R, Glasziou PP, Del Mar CB, Heneghan CJ, et al. Corticosteroids as standalone or add-on treatment for sore throat. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;(5):CD008268. PubMed PMID: 32356360.
  • Hedin K, Thorning S, van Driel ML. Different antibiotic treatments for group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;(11):CD004406. PubMed. PMID: 37965935.
  • Llor C, Moragas A. Infecciones del tracto respiratorio. AMF 2021; 17(11):632-43.
  • NICE guideline [NG84]. Sore throat (acute): antimicrobial prescribing. Jan 2018. Disponible en: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng84
  • Pellegrino R, Timitilli E, Verga MC, Guarino A, Iacono ID, Scotese I, et al; Other members of the Italian Panel for the Management of Acute Pharyngitis in Children. Acute pharyngitis in children and adults: descriptive comparison of current recommendations from national and international guidelines and future perspectives. Eur J Pediatr. 2023;182(12):5259-73. PubMed PMID: 37819417.
  • Pichichero ME. Treatment adn prevention of streptococcal pharyngitis in adults and children. In UpToDate 223.
  • Piñeiro R, Älvez F, Baquero-Artigao F, et al. Actualización del documento de consenso sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la faringoamigdalitis aguda. An Pediatr (Barc). 2020;99(3):206.e1-206.e8. ISSN 1695-4033. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2020.05.004.
  • Randall DA. Current Indications for Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy. J Am Board Fam Med. 2020;33(6):1025-30. PubMed PMID: 33219085.

Glositis. Gingivitis

Halitosis

  • Cabrera A, Brea M. A propósito de un caso de halitosis. FMC. 2006;13:19-20.
  • Castiñeira C, Boyero L, Rodríguez C. Halitosis. 2023.
  • Dou W, Li J, Xu L, Zhu J, Hu K, Sui Z, et al. Halitosis and helicobacter pylori infection: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Sep;95(39):e4223. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004223. PMID: 27684792; PMCID: PMC5265885
  • Kumbargere Nagraj S, Eachempati P, Uma E, Singh VP, Ismail NM, Varghese E. Interventions for managing halitosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Dec 11;12(12):CD012213. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012213.pub2. PMID: 31825092; PMCID: PMC6905014.
  • Monfort Codinach M, Jané Salas E. Halitosis: diagnóstico y tratamiento. Av Odontoestomatol [Internet]. 2014 Jun [Consultado el 29 de septiembre de 2018];30(3):155-60. Disponible en: http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0213-12852014000300009&lng=es
  • Mortazavi H, Rahbani Nobar B, Shafiei S. Drug-related Halitosis: A Systematic Review. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2020 Jul 4;18(3):399-407. doi: 10.3290/j.ohpd.a44679. PMID: 32515409.
  • Seemann R1, Conceicao MD, Filippi A, Greenman J, Lenton P, Nachnani S, Quirynen M, Roldan S, Schulze H, Sterer N, Tangerman A, Winkel EG, Yaegaki K, Rosenberg M. Halitosis management by the general dental practitioner--results of an international consensus workshop. J Breath Res. 2014 Mar;8(1):017101.
  • Tay JRH, Ng E, Lai CWM, Lim LP, Ong MMA. The efficacy of probiotics in the management of intra-oral halitosis: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig. 2022 Jul;26(7):4687-700. doi: 10.1007/s00784-022-04522-w. Epub 2022 May 10. PMID: 35536439.
  • Wylleman A, Vuylsteke F, Dekeyser C, Teughels W, Quirynen M, Laleman I. Alternative therapies in controlling oral malodour: a systematic review. J Breath Res. 2021 Jan 22;15(2). doi: 10.1088/1752-7163/abcd2b. PMID: 33227726.

Laringitis aguda. Laringitis crónica. Crup

  • Alberta Clinical Practice Guidelines/Toward Optimized Practice (TOP). Guideline on diagnosis and management of croup. TOP 2008 Jan. http://topalbertadoctors.org/download/252/croup_guideline.pdf?_20180930180953
  • Amor JC, Costa C. Laringitis aguda. En: Fisterra. Guías clínicas para Atención Primaria. Madrid: Elsevier España; 2021.
  • Aregbesola A, Tam CM, Kothari A, et al. Glucocorticoids for croup in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 1:CD001955.
  • Baiu I, Meléndez E. Croup. JAMA. 2019;321(16):1642. PubMed.
  • Petrocheilou A1, Tanou K, Kalampouka E, Malakasioti G, Giannios C, Kaditis AG. Viral croup: diagnosis and a treatment algorithm. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014 May;49(5):421-9.
  • Reveiz L, Cardona AF. Antibiotics for acute laryngitis in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(5):CD004783. PubMed PMID: 26002823.
  • Smith D, McDermott A, Sullivan J. Croup: Diagnosis and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2018 May 1;97(9):575-580. PubMed PMID: 29763253.
  • Wood J, Athanasiadis T, Allen J. Laryngitis. BMJ 2014; 349: g5827

Litiasis salivar

  • Guerra A, Katz P. Litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque (LEOC) de las piedras de glándulas salivales: Estudio retrospectivo de 1.571 pacientes. Rev Maxilofac Stomatol Chir. 2011 Apr;112(2):75-9.
  • Iro H, Zenk J, Escudier MP, Nahlieli O, Capaccio P, Katz P, et al. Outcome of minimally invasive management of salivary calculi in 4,691 patients. Laryngoscope. 2009;119(2):263.
  • Koch M, Zenk J, Iro H. Algoritmos para el tratamiento de las obstrucciones glándula salival. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2009 Dec;42(6):1173-92.
  • Roccia P, Di Liberto C, Speciale R, La Torretta G, Lo Muzio L, Campisi G. Sialoadenitis obstructiva: actualización de las cuestiones de diagnóstico y terapia. Recenti Prog Med. 2006 May;97(5):272-9.

Otitis externa aguda

  • Costa C, Amor JC. Otitis externa. Fisterra 2022. Disponible en: http://www.fisterra.com/fisterrae
  • Di Traglia R, Tudor-Green B, Muzaffar J, Borsetto D, Smith ME. Antibiotics versus non-antibiotic treatments for acute otitis externa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Otolaryngol. 2023 Nov;48(6):841-862. doi: 10.1111/coa.14084. Epub 2023 Aug 7. PMID: 37550850.
  • Goguen L, Durand, M.Otitis externa, In UpTo Date 2023.
  • Lodhi S, Timms S, Stapleton E. A systematic review of antimicrobial treatment regimens and their outcomes in necrotising otitis externa. J Laryngol Otol. 2024 Feb;138(2):120-129. doi: 10.1017/S0022215123001664. Epub 2023 Sep 28. PMID: 37767726.
  • Pistorius, B, Westburry, K, Drehobl, M. Prospective, randomized, comparative trial of ciprofloxacin otic drops, with or without hydrocortisone, vs. polymyxin B-neomycin-hydrocortisone otic suspension in the treatment of acute diffuse otitis externa. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 1999;8:387-395. Disponible en: https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00019048-199911000-00009
  • Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Cannon CR, et al; American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Feb;150(1 Suppl):S1-S24. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0194599813517083
  • Vivek Kaushik, Tass Malik, Shakeel R Saeed. Intervenciones para la otitis externa aguda (Revision Cochrane traducida). En: Biblioteca Cochrane Plus 2010, Número 1. Oxford: Update Software Ltd. Disponible en: https://www.cochrane.org/es/CD004740 (Traducida de The Cochrane Library, 2010 Issue 1 Art no. CD004740. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.).

Otitis media crónica simple

  • Bhutta MF, Head K, Chong LY, et al. Aural toilet (ear cleaning) for chronic suppurative otitis media. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025 Jun 9;9(9):CD013057. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013057.pub3
  • Bhutta MF, Leach AJ, Brennan-Jones CG. Chronic suppurative otitis media. Lancet. 2024 May 25;403(10441):2339-2348. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00259-9. Epub 2024 Apr 12. PMID: 38621397.
  • Brennan-Jones CG, Head K, Chong L-Y,  et al. Topical antibiotics with steroids for chronic suppurative otitis media. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2025, Issue 8. Art. No.: CD013054. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013054.pub3. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013054.pub3
  • Brennan-Jones CG, Head K, Chong LY, et al. Topical antibiotics for chronic suppurative otitis media. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.  2025 Jun 9; 1(1):CD013051. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013051.pub3
  • Chong LY, Head K, et al. Topical versus systemic antibiotics for chronic suppurative otitis media. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025 jun 9;2(2):CD013053. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013053.pub3
  • Larrosa F, Pujol L, Hernández-Montero E. Chronic otitis media. Med Clin (Barc). 2025 May 23;164(10):106915.  doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2025.106915. PMID: 40203652.
  • Wan Draman WNA, Md Daud MK, Mohamad H, et al. Evaluation of the current bacteriological profile and antibiotic sensitivity pattern in chronic suppurative otitis media. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2021; 6:1300.

Otitis media serosa

  • Bayoumy AB, Veugen CCAFM, van der Veen EL, Bok JM, de Ru JA, Thomeer HGXM. Management of tympanic membrane retractions: a systematic review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2022 Feb;279(2):723-37. doi: 10.1007/s00405-021-06719-3. Epub 2021 Mar 10.
  • Daniel M, Venekamp RP, Schilder AG, MacKeith S. Antibiotics for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Oct 23;10(10):CD015254.
  • Griffin G, Flynn CA. Antihistamines and/or decongestants for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, September 2011.
  • Holm NH, Rusan M, Ovesen T. Acute otitis media and antibiotics - a systematic review. Dan Med J. 2020 Oct 29;67(11):A04200272.
  • MacKeith S, Mulvaney CA, Galbraith K, Webster KE, Connolly R, Paing A, et al. Ventilation tubes (grommets) for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Nov 15;11(11):CD015215.
  • Mulvaney CA, Galbraith K, Webster KE, Rana M, Connolly R, Marom T, et al. Antibiotics for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Oct 23;10(10):CD015254. 
  • Steel D, Adam GP, Di M, Halladay C, Pan I, Coppersmith N, Balk EM, Trikalinos TA. ympanostomy Tubes in Children With Otitis Media. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 185. (Prepared by the Brown Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-2015-00002-I.) AHRQ Publication No. 17-EHC003-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; May 2017. www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/reports/final.cfm. doi: https://doi.org/10.23970/AHRQEPCCER185Link to Exit Disclaimer.
  • Webster KE, Mulvaney CA, Galbraith K, Rana M, Marom T, Daniel M, et al. Autoinflation for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Sep 26;9(9):CD015253. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015253.pub2. PMID: 37750500; PMCID: PMC10521168.

Otitis media aguda y otomicosis

  • Fortanier AC, Venekamp RP, Boonacker CW, Hak E, Schilder AG, Sanders EA, Damoiseaux RA. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 May 28;5(5):CD001480. 
  • Lee A, Tysome JR, Saeed SR. Topical azole treatments for otomycosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD009289. 
  • Limb CJ, Lustig LR. Acute otitis media in adults. In: UpToDate 2023.
  • Llor C, Moragas A. Infecciones del tracto respiratorio. AMF 2021; 17(11):632-43.
  • NICE guideline [NG91] Otitis media (acute): antimicrobial prescribing National Institute for Health adn Care Excellence (NICE); 2023. Disponible en: https://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/NG91
  • University of Michigan Health System. Otitis Media Guideline. [Internet]. Ann Arbor: 2013 Disponible en: http://www.med.umich.edu/1info/FHP/practiceguides/om/OM.pdf.
  • Venekamp RP, Sanders SL, et al. Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Nov 15;11(11):CD000219. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000219.pub5. PMID: 37965923; PMCID: PMC10646935.
  • Wannarong T, Ekpatanaparnich P, et al. Efficacy of Pneumococcal Vaccine on Otitis Media: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2023 Oct;169(4):765-779.

Pérdida traumática de un diente

  • Day P, Duggal M. Intervenciones para el tratamiento de los dientes frontales permanentes traumatizados: avulsionados (expulsados) y recolocados (Revision Cochrane traducida). En: Biblioteca Cochrane Plus 2010 Número 1. Oxford: Update Software Ltd. Disponible en: http://www.update-software.com.
  • Flores MT, Andersson L, Andreasen JO, Bakland LK, Malmgren B, Barnett F, et al. Guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries. Dental Tratumatology. 2007;23:66-71.
  • Rodríguez M, Naya C, Blanco E. Traumatismos dentales. 2001. Fisterrae 2011. Disponible en: http://www.fisterra.com/fisterrae/
  • Scottish Dental. Clinical Effectiveness Programme. Management of Acute Dental Problems. Guidance for healthcare professionals. Disponible en http://www.sdcep.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/SDCEP+MADP+Guidance+March+2013.pdf

Poliposis nasal

  • Amor J. Poliposis nasal. Fisterra. 2024.
  • Chong LY, Piromchai P, Sharp S, Snidvongs K, Webster KE, Philpott C, Hopkins C, Burton MJ. Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Mar 12;3(3):CD013513. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013513.pub3. PMID: 33710614; PMCID: PMC8094915.
  • Fokkens WJ, Viskens AS, Backer V, et al. EPOS/EUFOREA update on indication and evaluation of Biologics in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps 2023. Rhinology. 2023; 61:194.
  • Papacharalampous GX, Constantinidis J, et al. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) treated with omalizumab, dupilumab, or mepolizumab: A systematic review of the current knowledge towards an attempt to compare agents' efficacy. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2024 Jan;14(1):96-109.
  • Rank MA, Chu DK, Bognanni A, et al. The Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters GRADE guidelines for the medical management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023; 151:386.
  • Roland LT, Smith TL, Schlosser RJ, et al. Guidance for contemporary use of biologics in management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: discussion from a National Institutes of Health-sponsored workshop. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2020; 10:1037.

Queilitis angular

  • García E, Blanco A, Rodríguez L, Reyes D, Sotres J. Queilitis. Revisión bibliográfica. Rev Cubana Estomatol. 2003;40(3).
  • Johnson VB, Chalmers J. Oral hygiene care for functionally dependent and cognitively impaired older adults. Iowa City (IA): University of Iowa College of Nursing, John A. Hartford Foundation Center of Geriatric Nursing Excellence; 2011 Jul. 61 p.

Resfriado común

  • Douhard R, Humbert P, Milon JY, Pegahi R. Pharmacology of chlorphenamine and pseudoephedrine use in the common cold: a narrative review. Curr Med Res Opin. 2024 Dec;40(12):2125-2137. doi: 10.1080/03007995.2024.2424422. Epub 2024 Nov 12. PMID: 39484821.
  • Deckx L, De Sutter AIM, Guo L, Mir NA, van Driel ML. Descongestionantes nasales en monoterapia para el resfriado común. Base de datos Cochrane de revisiones sistemáticas. 2016, edición 10. Art. No .: CD009612. DOI: 10.1002 / 14651858.CD009612.pub2. [Consultado el 10 de septiembre de 2018]. Disponible en: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009612.pub2/full
  • Dexton D. The common cold in adults: Treatment and prevention. UpToDate [Internet]. 2024. Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com
  • Gill PJ, Onakpoya IJ, Buchanan F, Birnie KA, Van den Bruel A. Treatments for cough and common cold in children. BMJ. 2024 Jan 25;384:e075306. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2023-075306. PMID: 38272497.
  • Harris AM, Hicks LA, Qaseem A. For the High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians and for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Appropriate antibiotic use for acute respiratory tract infection in adults: Advice for high-value care from the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:425-34.
  • Hemilä H, Chalker E. Vitamin C for the common cold and pneumonia. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2025 Jan 30;135(1):16926. doi: 10.20452/pamw.16926. Epub 2025 Jan 13. PMID: 39803741.
  • Montesinos-Guevara C, Buitrago-García D, Félix ML, Guerra CV, Hidalgo R, Martínez-Zapata MJ, et al. Vaccines for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Dec 14;12(12):CD002190. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002190.pub6. PMID: 36515550; PMCID: PMC9749450.
  • De Sutter AIM, Eriksson L, van Driel ML. Combinaciones de antihistamínicos, descongestionantes y analgésicos orales para el resfriado común. Base de datos Cochrane de revisiones sistemáticas 2022, número 1. Art. No.: CD004976. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004976.pub4. Consultado el 11 de septiembre de 2023.
  • De Sutter AI, Eriksson L, van Driel ML. Oral antihistamine-decongestant-analgesic combinations for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Jan 21;1(1):CD004976. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004976.pub4. PMID: 35060618; PMCID: PMC8780136.

Rinitis alérgica

  • Bousquet J, Anto JM, Bachert C, Baiardini I, Bosnic-Anticevich S, Walter Canonica G, Melén E, Palomares O, Scadding GK, Togias A, Toppila-Salmi S. Allergic rhinitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020 Dec 3;6(1):95. doi: 10.1038/s41572-020-00227-0. PMID: 33273461.
  • Bousquet, J. et al. 2019 ARIA care pathways for allergen immunotherapy. Allergy 74, 2087-2102 (2019).
  • Dykewicz MS, Wallace DV, Amrol DJ y cols. Rinitis 2020: una actualización de parámetros de práctica. J Alergia Clin Immunol 2020; 146:721.
  • Mayoral K, Lizano-Barrantes C, et al; ARCA Group. Montelukast in paediatric asthma and allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev. 2023 Oct 18;32(170):230124. doi: 10.1183/16000617.0124-2023. PMID: 37852659; PMCID: PMC10582929.
  • Nurmatov U, Dhami S, Arasi S, Roberts G, Pfaar O, Muraro A, et al. Allergen immunotherapy for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: a systematic overview of systematic reviews. Clin Transl Allergy. 2017 Aug 8;7:24. doi: 10.1186/s13601-017-0159-6. PMID: 28794855; PMCID: PMC5547534.
  • Tosca MA, Trincianti C, Naso M, Nosratian V, Ciprandi G. Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis in Clinical Practice. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2024;20(3):271-277. doi: 10.2174/1573396320666230912103108. PMID: 37702169.
  • Wise SK, et al: Declaracion de consenso internacional sobre alergia y rinología: Rinitis alérgica-2023. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2023; 13(4): 293-859.

Rinitis farmacológica

  • Ostroumova OD, Shikh EV, Rebrova EV, Ryazanova AY. Lekarstvenno-indutsirovannyi rinit [Rhinitis medicamentosa]. Vestn Otorinolaringol. 2020;85(3):75-82. Russian. doi: 10.17116/otorino20208503175. PMID: 32628388.
  • Wahudah N, Shermetaro C. Rhinitis medicamentosa. En: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538318/
  • Wallace DV, Dykewicz MS, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Khan DA, et al, Joint Task Force on Practice, American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008 Aug;122(2 Suppl):S1-84.

Rinitis vasomotora

  • Ciprandi G. Treatment of nonallergic perennial rhinitis. Allergy. 2004;59(Suppl 76):16-22.
  • Pattanaik D,Lieberman P. Vasomotor Rhinitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2010;10(2):84-91: 215.
  • Dykewicz M, Wallace D, et al. Rhinitis 2020: A practice parameter update. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2020;146(4):721-67.
  • DynaMed. Rinitis vasomotora. Servicios de información de EBSCO. [Consultado el 28 de septiembre de 2024]. Disponible en: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/vasomotor-rhinitis
  • Khoueir N, Khalaf MG, Assily R, Rassi S, Hamad WA. Intranasal antihistamines in the treatment of idiopathic non-allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rhinology. 2023 Aug 1;61(4):290-296. doi: 10.4193/Rhin21.380. PMID: 37083127.
  • Leader P, Geiger Z. Vasomotor Rhinitis. 2023 Jul 10. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. PMID: 31613484.
  • Pang JC, Vasudev M, Du AT, Nottoli MM, Dang K, Kuan EC. Intranasal Anticholinergics for Treatment of Chronic Rhinitis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Laryngoscope. 2023 Apr;133(4):722-731. doi: 10.1002/lary.30306. Epub 2022 Jul 15. PMID: 35838014.
  • Scadding GK, Durham SR, Mirakian R, et al. BSACI guidelines for the management of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 2008;38(1):19-42.
  • Segboer C, Gevorgyan A, Avdeeva K, Chusakul S, Kanjanaumporn J, Aeumjaturapat S, et al. Intranasal corticosteroids for non-allergic rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Nov 2;2019(11):CD010592. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010592.pub2. PMID: 31677153; PMCID: PMC6824914.

Sinusitis aguda

  • Butler FM, Hernandez DR. Acute Rhinosinusitis: Rapid Evidence Review. Am Fam Physician. 2025 Jan;111(1):47-53. PMID: 39823615.
  • Castiñeiras C, Jacob E, Amor J. Rinosinusitis aguda 2020. Fisterra. [Consultado el 10 de septiembre de 2024].
  • Chitsuthipakorn W, Kanjanawasee D, et al.  Benefits of nasal saline treatment in acute rhinosinusitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2022 Aug;12(8):1006-1017. doi: 10.1002/alr.22957. Epub 2022 Jan 14. PMID: 34971301.
  • Conway SJ, Mueller GD, Shaikh N. Antibiotics for Acute Sinusitis in Children: A Meta-Analysis. Pediatrics. 2024 May 1;153(5):e2023064244. doi: 10.1542/peds.2023-064244. PMID: 38646685; PMCID: PMC11035158.
  • DynaMed. Rinosinusitis y sinusitis bacteriana aguda en adultos. Servicios de información de EBSCO. [Consultado el 5 de octubre de 2025]. Disponible en: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/acute-bacterial-rhinosinusitis-and-sinusitis-in-adults
  • DynaMed. Rinosinusitis aguda en niños. Servicios de información de EBSCO. [Consultado el 4 de octubre de 2025]. Disponible en: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/acute-rhinosinusitis-in-children
  • Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Hopkins C, Hellings PW, Kern R, Reitsma S, et al. European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020. Rhinology. 2020;58(Suppl S29):1-464. doi: 10.4193/Rhin20.600.
  • Hughes PR, Hungerford CH, Jensen KN. Acute rhinosinusitis: When to prescribe an antibiotic. J Fam Pract. 2020;69(5):244-50.
  • Lemiengre MB, van Driel ML, Merenstein D, Liira H, Mäkelä M, De Sutter AIM. Antibiotics for acute rhinosinusitis in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD006089. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006089.pub5. Disponible en: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006089.pub5/full/es
  • Moragas A, Llor C. Infecciones del tracto respiratorio superior. AMF 2021;17(11):632-43.
  • Muguruza A, Cámara A, Arranz L, Abrego M. Rinosinusitis aguda. OSI Donostialdea. Guía de tratamiento de las enfermedades infecciosas en atención primaria (Pediatría). 2017. P 48-49.
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Sinusitis (acute): antimicrobial prescribing. NICE guideline; 2017.
  • Orlandi R, Kingdom T, Hwang P, Smith T. International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2016 Feb;6 Suppl 1:S22-209. doi: 10.1002/alr.21695.
  • Patel ZM, Hwang PH. Acute sinusitis and rhinosinusitis in adults: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis. En: Deschler DG, File TM, Kunins L, editors. UpToDate; 2023. Disponible en: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-sinusitis-and-rhinosinusitis-in-adults-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosishttps://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-sinusitis-and-rhinosinusitis-in-adults-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis
  • Venekamp RP, Thompson MJ, Hayward G, et al. Corticosteroides sistémicos para la sinusitis aguda. Base de datos Cochrane Syst Rev. 2014: CD008115.
  • Zalmanovici Trestioreanu A, Yaphe J. Esteroides intranasales para la sinusitis aguda. Base de datos Cochrane Syst Rev. 2013: CD005149.

Sinusitis crónica

  • Chong LY, Head K, Hopkins C, Philpott C, Schilder AG, Burton MJ. Intranasal steroids versus placebo or no intervention for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 26;4(4):CD011996. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011996.pub2. PMID: 27115217; PMCID: PMC9393647.
  • Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Hopkins C, et al. European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020. Rhinology. 2020 Feb 20;58(Suppl S29):1-464. doi: 10.4193/Rhin20.600. PMID: 32077450.
  • Jin Z, Yan B, Zhang L, Wang C. Biological therapy in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2025 Apr;21(4):473-492. doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2025.2459929. Epub 2025 Jan 31. PMID: 39862235.
  • Papacharalampous GX, Constantinidis J, et al. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) treated with omalizumab, dupilumab, or mepolizumab: A systematic review of the current knowledge towards an attempt to compare agents' efficacy. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2024 Jan;14(1):96-109. doi: 10.1002/alr.23234. Epub 2023 Jul 18. PMID: 37394893.
  • Piromchai P, Thanaviratananich S, Laopaiboon M. Systemic antibiotics for chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD008233. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008233.pub2.
  • Ramadan HH. Pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2024 Mar;281(3):1131-1137. doi: 10.1007/s00405-023-08307-z. Epub 2023 Oct 30. PMID: 37899371.
  • Rank MA, Chu DK, Bognanni A, et al. The Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters GRADE guidelines for the medical management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:386.
  • Tamene S, Dalhoff K, Schwarz P, Backer V, Aanaes K. Systemic corticosteroids in treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis-A systematic review. Eur Clin Respir J. 2023 Aug 4;10(1):2240511. doi: 10.1080/20018525.2023.2240511. PMID: 37554567; PMCID: PMC10405757.

Sordera

Sordera súbita idiopática

  • Awad Z, Huins C, Pothier DD. Antivirals for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; CD006987
  • Chandrasekhar SS, Tsai Do BS, Schwartz SR, Bontempo LJ, Faucett EA, Finestone SA, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Sudden Hearing Loss (Update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019 Aug;161(1_suppl):S1-S45. doi: 10.1177/0194599819859885. PMID: 31369359.
  • Crane RA, Camilon M, Nguyen S, Meyer TA. Steroids for treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Laringoscope 2015; 125(1): 209-17.
  • Herrera M, García Berrocal JR, García Arumí A, Lavilla MJ, Plaza G; Grupo de Trabajo de la Comisión de Audiología de la SEORL. Update on consensus on diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp (Engl Ed). 2019 Sep-Oct;70(5):290-300. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.otorri.2018.04.010. Epub 2018 Aug 6. PMID: 30093087.
  • Mirian C, Ovesen T. Corticosteroides intratimpánicos vs. sistémicos en el tratamiento de primera línea de la pérdida auditiva neurosensorial súbita idiopática: Revisión sistemática y metanálisis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 146:421.
  • Plontke SK, Meisner C, Agrawal S, et al. Corticosteroides intratimpánicos para la pérdida auditiva neurosensorial súbita. Base de Datos Cochrane Syst Rev 2022; 7:CD008080.
  • Weber P. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Literature review current through 2025. Uptodate 2025. Disponible en: http://www.uptodate.com
  • Wei BP, Stathopoulos D, O'Leary S. Steroids for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013: CD003998.

Tapón de cera

  • Aaron K, Cooper TE, Warner L, Burton MJ. Ear drops for the removal of ear wax. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD012171. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012171.pub2. Disponible en: https://www.cochrane.org/es/CD012171/gotas-oticas-para-la-eliminacion-del-cerumen
  • Benito J, Garrido M, Velasco J, Mata M, Bachiller R, Ramírez B. Extracción de la cera de los oídos. Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria [Internet]. 2015 Sep [citado 2018 Oct 09] ; 17(67): 223-231. Disponible en: http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1139-76322015000400021&lng=es. http://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S1139-76322015000400021.
  • Horton GA, Simpson MTW, Beyea MM, Beyea JA. Cerumen Management: An Updated Clinical Review and Evidence-Based Approach for Primary Care Physicians. J Prim Care Community Health. 2020 Jan-Dec;11:2150132720904181. doi: 10.1177/2150132720904181. PMID: 31994443; PMCID: PMC6990605.
  • Malaty J, Tudeen M, Williams MP, Orlando FA. Otology: Cerumen Impaction and Aural Foreign Bodies. FP Essent. 2024 Jul;542:29-37. PMID: 39018128.
  • Sarlat M. Tapones de cerumen. AMF 2007;3(3):166-70.
  • Schumann JA, Toscano ML, Pfleghaar N. Ear Irrigation. 2022 Sep 26. En: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. PMID: 29083577.
  • Sevy JO, Hohman MH, Singh A. Cerumen Impaction Removal. 2023 Mar 1. En: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. PMID: 28846265.

Xerostomía

  • Davies AN, Thompson J. Parasympathomimetic drugs for the treatment of salivary gland dysfunction due to radiotherapy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD003782. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003782.pub3. Accessed 12 October 2021. Disponible en: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003782.pub3/full
  • Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zerón P, Bombardieri S On behalf of the EULAR-Sjögren Syndrome Task Force Group, et al EULAR recommendations for the management of Sjögren’s syndrome with topical and systemic therapiesAnnals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2020;79:3-18.
  • Salum FG, Medella-Junior FAC, Figueiredo MAZ, Cherubini K. Salivary hypofunction: An update on therapeutic strategies. Gerodontology 2018; 35:305.
  • Plemons JM, Al-Hashimi I, Marek CL, American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. Managing xerostomia and salivary gland hypofunction: executive summary of a report from the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. J Am Dent Assoc 2014; 145:867.