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Problemas de la respiración

Apnea obstructiva del sueño. Ronquidos

  • Mediano O, González Mangado N, Montserrat JM, Alonso-Álvarez ML, Almendros I, Alonso-Fernández A, et al. Documento Internacional de consenso sobre apnea obstructiva del sueño. Arch Bronconeumol. 2022;58(1):52-68. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2021.03.017.
  • Portela Ferreño I, Nuñez Palomo S. Síndrome de apnea-hipopnea del sueño. AMF. 2019;15(9):502-8.
  • Catalá R, Villoro R, Merino M, Sangenís S, Colomés L, Hernández Flix S, et al. Análisis coste-efectividad del tratamiento con presión positiva continua de la vía aérea en el síndrome de apnea-hipopnea durante el sueño (SAHS) moderado-grave. Arch Bronconeumol. 2016;52(9):461-9.
  • Osadnik C, Tee V, Carson-Chahhoud K, Picot J, Wedzicha J, Smith B. Asistencia respiratoria no invasiva para el tratamiento de la insuficiencia respiratoria hipercápnica aguda debida a la exacerbación de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017 Issue 7. Art. No.: CD004104. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004104
  • Sundaram S, Bridgman SA, Lim J, Lasserson TJ. Cirugía para la apnea obstructiva del sueño (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2008, número 2. Oxford: Update Software Ltd. Disponible en: http://www.update-software.com.

Asma bronquial

  • Callén Blecua M, Praena Crespo M, y Grupo de Vías Respiratorias. Normas de Calidad para el tratamiento de Fondo del Asma en el Niño y Adolescente. Documentos técnicos del GVR (publicación DT-GVR-2). [consultado el 7 de abril de 2016]. Disponible en: http://www.respirar.org/grupo-vias-respiratorias/protocolos.
  • Dispositivos de inhalación para asma y EPOC. CADIME BTA. 2018;33(2).
  • Ducharme FM, Ni Chroinin M, Greenstone I, Lasserson TJ. Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids versus higher dose inhaled steroids in adults and children with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD005533. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005533.pub2
  • Evans DJW, Kew KM, Anderson DE, Boyter AC. Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus higher dose ICS for adults with asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD011437. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011437.pub2.
  • Farne HA, Wilson A, Powell C, Bax L, Milan SJ. Anti‐IL5 therapies for asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD010834. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010834.pub3.
  • Fortescue R, Kew KM, Leung M, Shiu Tsun. Sublingual immunotherapy for asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD011293. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011293.pub3. Disponible en: https://www.cochrane.org/es/CD011293/AIRWAYS_inmunoterapia-por-sublingual-para-el-asma.
  • Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Stretegy for Asthma Management and Prevention, 2025. Updated 15 november 2025. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/GINA-2025-Update-25_11_08-WMS.pdf
  • González Barcala FJ, De la Fuente-Cid R, Álvarez-Gil R, Tafalla M, Nuevo J, Caamaño-Insorna F. Factors Associated with asthma control in primare care patients. The CHAS study. Arch Bronconeumol. 2010 Jul;47(7):358-63.
  • Guía Española para el manejo del Asma. GEMA 5.4. Disponible en https://www.gemasma.com.
  • Hamelmann E, Bateman ED, Vogelberg C, Szefler SJ, Vandewalker M, Moroni-Zentgraf P, et al. Tiotropium add-on therapy in adolescents with moderate asthma: A 1-year randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016 Aug;138(2):441-450.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.01.011. Epub 2016 Mar 5. PMID: 26960245.
  • Kerstjens HA, Engel M, Dahl R, Paggiaro P, Beck E, Vandewalker M, et al. Tiotropium in Asthma Poorly Controlled with Standard Combination Therapy. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;367(13):1198-207. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1208606.
  • Meng JF, Li H, Luo MJ, Li HB. Efficacy of tiotropium in treating patients with moderate-to-severe asthma: A meta-analysis and systematic review based on 14 randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Aug;98(33):e16637. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000016637. PMID: 31415357; PMCID: PMC6831397.
  • Ng D, Di Salvio F, Hicks G. Agentes antileucotrienos comparados con corticosteroides inhalados para el tratamiento del asma recurrente y/o crónica en adultos y niños (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2007, número 4. Oxford, Update Software Ltd. Disponible en: http://www.update-software.com.
  • Normansell R, Kew KM, Mansour G. Different oral corticosteroid regimens for acute asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD011801. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011801.pub2.
  • Normansell R, Kew KM, Mathioudakis AG. Interventions to improve inhaler technique for people with asthma (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD012286. doi: 10.1002/14651858. CD012286. pub2.
  • Paggiaro P, Halpin DM, Buhl R, Engel M, Zubek VB, Blahova Z, et al. The Effect of Tiotropium in Symptomatic Asthma Despite Low- to Medium-Dose Inhaled Corticosteroids: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016 Jan-Feb;4(1):104-13.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.08.017. Epub 2015 Nov 7. PMID: 26563670.
  • Quirce S, Delgado J, Entrenas LM, Grande M, Llorente C, López A, et al.; ASMAFORUM II Group..Quality Indicators of Asthma Care Derived From the Spanish Guidelines for Asthma Management (GEMA 4.0): A Multidisciplinary Team Report. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2017; 27(1): 69-73).
  • Roggeri, A., Micheletto, C. & Roggeri, D. P. Inhalation errors due to device switch in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma: critical health and economic issues. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 11, 597–602 (2016).
  • Rogliani P, Ritondo BL, Calzetta L. Triple therapy in uncontrolled asthma: a network meta-analysis of phase III studies. Eur Respir J. 2021;58: 2004233. doi:  10.1183/13993003.04233-2020.

Asma. Crisis asmática

  • Guía Española para el manejo del Asma. GEMA 5.4. Disponible en: https://www.gemasma.com.
  • Kirkland SW, Cross E, Campbell S, Villa-Roel C, Rowe BH. Intramuscular versus oral corticosteroids to reduce relapses following discharge from the emergency department for acute asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD012629.

Bronquiolitis

EPOC

  • Actualización de los dispositivos de inhalación para asma y la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC). Boletín terapéutico andaluz. 2025; 40(2). DOI: 10.11119/BTA2025-40-02.
  • Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios.  Plan Nacional frente a la Resistencia a los Antibióticos 2025-2027. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad; 2025. Disponible en: https://www.resistenciaantibioticos.es 
  • Cheyne L, Irvin‐Sellers MJ, White J. Tiotropium versus ipratropium bromide for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD009552. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009552.pub3. Disponible en: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/es/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009552.pub3/full/es.
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. NICE guideline [NG115]Published: 05 December 2018 Last updated: 26 July 2019. Disponible en: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng115.
  • Farne HA, Cates CJ. Long‐acting beta2‐agonist in addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or long‐acting beta2‐agonist alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD008989. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008989.pub3.
  • Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2025. Disponible en: https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/wms-spanish-Pocket-Guide-GOLD-2017.pdf
  • Granger R, Walters J, Poole PJ, Lasserson TJ, Mangtani P, Cates CJ, et al. Vacunas inyectables para la prevención de la infección neumocócica en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2008, número 2. Oxford: Update Software Ltd. Disponible en: http://www.update-software.com
  • Janjua S, Fortescue R, Poole P. Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD002309. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002309.pub6. Accedida el 13 de marzo de 2025. Disponible en: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002309.pub6/full/es
  • Kew KM, Dias S, Cates CJ. Long‐acting inhaled therapy (beta‐agonists, anticholinergics and steroids) for COPD: a network meta‐analysis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD010844. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010844.pub2.
  • Kew KM, Seniukovich A. Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD010115. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010115.pub2. Disponible en: https://www.cochrane.org/es/CD010115/AIRWAYS_los-esteroides-inhalados-aumentan-el-riesgo-de-neumonia-en-los-pacientes-con-enfermedad-pulmonar
  • Maqsood U, Ho TN, Palmer K, Eccles FJR, Munavvar M, Wang R, et al. Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD012930. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012930.pub2. Disponible en: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/es/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012930.pub2/full/es?highlightAbstract=epoc%7Cinhalado%7Cinhalados%7Ccorticoides%7Ccorticoid%7Cinhalad
  • McCarthy B, Casey D, Devane D, Murphy K, Murphy E, Lacasse Y. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD003793. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003793.pub3. Disponible en: https://www.cochrane.org/es/CD003793/AIRWAYS_rehabilitacion-pulmonar-para-la-enfermedad-pulmonar-obstructiva-cronica
  • Nannini LJ, Poole P, Milan SJ, Kesterton A. Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta2‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 8. Art. No.: CD006826. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006826.pub2.
  • Oba Y, Keeney E, Ghatehorde N, Dias S. Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a systematic review and network meta‐analysis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD012620. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012620.pub2. Disponible en: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/es/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012620.pub2/full/es?highlightAbstract=epoc%7Cinhalado%7Cinhalados%7Ccorticoides%7Ccorticoid%7Cinhalad
  • Poole P, Chong J, Cates CJ. Mucolytic agents versus placebo for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD001287. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001287.pub5
  • Rojas‐Reyes MX, García Morales OM, Dennis RJ, Karner C. Combination inhaled steroid and long‐acting beta2‐agonist in addition to tiotropium versus tiotropium or combination alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD008532. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008532.pub3. Disponible en: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008532.pub3/full/es
  • Sliwka A, Jankowski M, Gross‐Sondej I, Storman M, Nowobilski R, Bala MM. Once‐daily long‐acting beta₂‐agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long‐acting muscarinic antagonists for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 8. Art. No.: CD012355. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012355.pub2. Disponible en: https://www.cochrane.org/es/CD012355/AIRWAYS_los-csibaap-combinados-en-un-inhalador-una-vez-al-dia-son-mas-beneficiosos-que-los-amap-inhalados
  • Van Eerd EAM, van der Meer RM, van Schayck OCP, Kotz D. Smoking cessation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 8. Art. No.: CD010744. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010744.pub2.
  • Van Geffen WH, Tan DJ, Walters JAE, Walters EH. Corticosteroides inhalados con una combinación de agonistas beta2 de acción prolongada y antagonistas muscarínicos de acción prolongada para la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Base de Datos Cochrane de Revisiones Sistemáticas, 2023, Número 12. N.º de art.: CD011600. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011600.pub3. Disponible en: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011600.pub3/references/es
  • Walters JAE, Tan DJ, White CJ, Wood‐Baker R. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD006897. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006897.pub4. Disponible en: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/es/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006897.pub4/full/es?highlightAbstract=epoc%7Cinhalado%7Cinhalados%7Ccorticoides%7Ccorticoid%7Cinhalad

Neumonía

  • Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios. Plan Nacional frente a la Resistencia a los Antibióticos 2025-2027. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad; 2025. Disponible en: https://www.resistenciaantibioticos.es
  • Shao-Huan L, Chih-Cheng L, Shen-Peng Ch, Li-Chin L, Shun-Hsing H, Wei-Ting S. Five-day antibiotic treatment for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance 23. 2020 (94-99)
  • Tansarli GS, Mylonakis E. 2018. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of short-course antibiotic treatments for community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 62:e00635-18. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00635-18.